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[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Click on the circles to navigate"]

{"sheet":"Sector Info","index":1,"n_rows":44,"n_cols":20,"rows_kept":44,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[[42,1,42,11],[43,1,43,11],[11,15,16,15],[25,1,31,11],[38,1,38,11],[39,1,39,11],[40,1,41,11],[19,1,20,11],[2,14,3,19],[5,14,6,19],[11,14,16,14],[2,1,3,11],[5,1,6,11],[8,1,9,11],[13,1,14,11],[16,1,17,11]]}
["Climate Change Vulnerabilities",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Mauritius in Figures"]
[]
[null,"The protection, sustainability, and enhancement of freshwater quality and its availability is basis of for long-term socio-economic development. ",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Area: 1865 km2 Population: 1.3 Million – Pop. density 657 person/ sq km Literacy rate: 90%                           GDP/Capita: $ 8743"]
[]
[]
[null," The sustainable use of the country’s water resources is threatened due to the combined effects of increased demand, climate change impacts such as reduced precipitation and increasing evapotranspiration, contamination and other factors (UNEP, 2014).",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Level of coverage for water supply: 99%                                                                      Level of coverage for Sanitation: ~26%"]
[]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Land coverage","%",null,"Season","Temperature","Rainfall"]
[null,"Already in 2010 water availability was equivalent to 965m3 /person, which is below the threshold for classifying a as water-scarce (GoM, 2012). ",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Agriculture",43,null,"warm humid summer (Nov-Apr)","22-29⁰C",1300]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Built-up Areas",25,null,"Cool dry winter (May-Oct)","18-23⁰C",700]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Public Roads",2]
["Climate change-related impacts observed in the water sector in Mauritius",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Abandoned canefields, forests, scrub land, grasslands and grazing lands, reservoirs and ponds, swamps and rocks",30]
[]
[null,"A decreasing trend in annual precipitation of about 8% when comparing 1951-1960 and 1998-\n2008 figures\n"]
[]
[]
[null,"An increase in rainfall variability with heavy rainfall events on the rise\n"]
[]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Source:  http://publicutilities.govmu.org/English//DOCUMENTS/OVERVIEW_WATER_SECTOR_MAURITIUS.PDF"]
[null,"The duration of the transitional dry months between winter and summer is becoming longer.   This shift in the onset of summer rain translates into increasing pressure on the water sector to enhance storage capacity in order to cater for longer periods of dry spells and to meet equally growing demands of the agricultural, tourism, industrial and residential sectors the Central Plateau, with the largest catchments in the common recharge zones, has seen a significant decrease in water level which is reflected in changes in ground water and river-flow regimes. "]
[]
[]
[]
["Usable water resources projections"]
[]
[null,"Projections indicate that the utilisable water resources may decrease by up to 13% by 2050, if no action is taken to\nrestore catchment areas.  This trend in the reduction of surface and groundwater recharge may be\nexplained by a reduction in the longer term trend in precipitation.   Analysis carried out in the context\nof the Mauritius Environment Outlook 2011 shows that the total water demand is projected to reach 1 200 million m^3  per year by 2040 based solely on changes in population dynamics. This demand, which does not take into account water demand from other growing sectors of the economy, is in excess of projected supplies and close to the present utilisable renewable potential of 1 233 million m^3  per year (GoM, 2012).\n"]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
["Reference: Third National Communication for RoM"]
[]
[]
["Potential Climate Change impacts in Water Sector"]
[]
[null,"Higher evaporation rates resulting in decreased quality of drinking water"]
[null,"Periods of drought resulting in water quality due to increased effluent and salt concentrations"]
[null,"Increased rainfall intensities, flash floods and regional flooding due to rainfall variability, resulting in litter and debris blocking water and sanitation systems thus exacerbating these challenges which will have a direct impact environmental and human health."]
[]
[null,"Decreased water availability due to rainfall variability and increaded periods of drought."]
[null,"Reduced oxgygen concentrations and higher water temperatures may impact on aquatic species."]

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["CCEVI Indicators – Mapping Vulnerability  "]
[]
["Measuring Climate Change and Environmental Vulnerability (CCEV) is a complicate task which includes measures for different levels of a sector from species to interdependent ecosystems and complex relationships between them. An indicator approach is used to help in the simplification of the complexity.  Indicators are used to simplify models and to avoid use of substantial.\n\n"]
[]
[]
[]
["The CCEVI uses general indicators, as far as possible, as measures of various aspects of climate change and environmental vulnerability which can be quantitative or qualitative based on different scales (linear, non-linear, or with different ranges) and unit measurements.  The CCEVI maps all the indicators onto a common environmental vulnerability scale in order to get an average index for the sector."]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
["The CCEVI scale is a relative scale of vulnerability ranging from 1 – least vulnerable (most resilient) to 7 – most vulnerable (least resilient). \n "]
[]
[]
[]
[null,"Increasing Resilience",null,null,null,null,null,"Least resilient"]
[null,1,2,3,4,5,6,7]
[]
[null,"Least Vulnerable",null,null,null,null,null,"Increasing Vulnerability"]
[]
[]
[]
[]
["The data needed encompasses a range of climate change and environmental factors from: "]
[1,"Meteorological data, "]
[2,"Sea surface temperature, "]
[3,"Geological and geographical information, "]
[4,"Biological species and habitat data, "]
[5,"Reserves, "]
[6,"Human activities such as fishing, mining, pollution, population, legislation etc. "]
[]
[]
["CCEVI Calculation"]
[1,"EVI requires compilation of relevant environmental vulnerability data for some 50 indicators in general"]
[2,"We map each indicator using the compiled data onto a 1-7 vulnerability scale"]
[3,"If data is not available, no value is given for the indicator which is not used in the averaging process."]
[4,"If indicator is considered not applicable, the lowest vulnerability score of 1 is allocated (e.g. volcanoes)"]
[5,"The vulnerability scores for each indicator are lumped either into categories or sub-indices and the average calculated. "]
[6,"Sector or country EVI is calculated using an overall average."]
[7,"Graphical Representations of the EVIs"]
[]
[]
["The CCEVI is accumulated into three sub-indices: "]
[1,"Hazards "]
[2,"Resistance"]
[3,"Damage  "]
[]
[]
["The initial standard 50 CCEVI indicators are also divided up in the issue categories for use as required: "]
[1,"Water"]
[2,"Health"]
[3,"Infrastructure"]
[4,"Agriculture"]
[5,"Biodiversity"]
[6,"Fisheries"]
[7,"Coastal zone"]
["Reference Source:"]
["Pratt, C.R., Kaly, U.L., and Mitchell, J. 2004. Manual: How to Use the Environmental\nVulnerability Index (EVI). SOPAC Technical Report 383, 60 pp; 1 appendix, 2 figures.\nUnited Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). South Pacific Applied Geoscience\nCommission (SOPAC).\n"]

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[null,"Water Sector Report",null,null,null,null,null,"Vulnerability Rating Scale",null,"Vulnerability Equivalence to  combination of Sensitivity and Adaptivity",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Sector EVI Summary"]
["Score and Classification","Default EVI Score","User EVI Score","User EVI Estimate","Number of Indicators",null,null,"Legend for Classification",null,"Sensitivity","Adaptive",null,null,null,null,null,null,"Indicator Names","Default EVI","User Defined EVI","User EVI Estimate"]
["EVI Score",341.66666666666669,345.83333333333331,345.83333333333331,24,null,null,"Extremely vulnerable","365+","High","Low",null,null,null,null,null,null,"High Winds",1,3,6]
["Vulnerability Classification","Highly vulnerable","Highly vulnerable","Highly vulnerable",null,null,null,"Highly vulnerable","315+","High(Medium)","Medium(Low)",null,null,null,null,null,null,"Dry Periods",7,7,7]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Vulnerable","265+","High(Medium)","High(Medium)",null,null,null,null,null,null,"Wet Periods",2,2,2]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"At risk","215+","Medium(Low)(Low)","High(Medium)(Low)",null,null,null,null,null,null,"Hot Periods",1,1,1]
["Category (Indicator Types)","Default EVI Score","User EVI Score","User EVI Estimate","Number of Parameters",null,null,"Resilient","<215","Low","High",null,null,null,null,null,null,"Cold Periods",1,1,1]
["Weather & Climate",3.1666666666666665,3.3333333333333335,3.3333333333333335,6,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Volcano",1,1,1]
["Geology",1.25,1.25,1.25,4,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Earthquake",1,1,1]
["Geography",4.666666666666667,4.666666666666667,4.666666666666667,6,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Tsunamis",2,2,2]
["Resources & services",4.333333333333333,4.3703703703703702,4.4814814814814818,27,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Terrestrial Reserves (%)",7,7,7]
["Human Populations",4,4,4,6,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Fertilisers",4,4,4]
[null,null,null,"Total",{"$f":"SUM(E8:E12)","v":49},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Pesticides",1,1,1]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Renewable Water",1,1,1]
["ASPECTS OF VULNERABILITY","Default EVI Score","User EVI Score","User EVI Estimate","Number of Parameters",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Sulphur Dioxide Emissions",6,6,6]
["Hazards ",3.4242424242424243,3.4545454545454546,3.5454545454545454,33,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Waste Production",1,1,1]
["Resistance",4.625,4.75,4.75,8,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Waste Treatment",7,7,7]
["Damage  ",5,5,5,10,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Industry",3,3,3]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Sanitation",5,5,5]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Population",6,6,6]
["SECTOR POLICY-RELEVANT Indices","Default EVI Score","User EVI Score","User EVI Estimate","Number of Parameters",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Population Growth",4,4,4]
["Water",3.4166666666666665,3.4583333333333335,3.4583333333333335,24,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Tourists",5,5,5]
["Health",3.5,3.45,3.3,20,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Coastal Settlements",7,7,7]
["Coastal Zone",3.5833333333333335,3.5833333333333335,3.7083333333333335,24,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Environmental Agreements",1,1,1]
["Infrastructure",3.8333333333333335,3.8,3.7,30,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Conflicts",1,1,1]
["Agriculture",3.4090909090909092,3.3636363636363638,3.2272727272727271,22,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"RainClemencia",7,6,3]
["Biodiversity",3.7894736842105261,3.7894736842105261,3.7894736842105261,38]
["Fisheries",3.5,3.5416666666666665,3.6666666666666665,24]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[null,"Vulnerability Rating Scale"]
[null,null,"Sensitivity"]
[null,"Adaptive capacity\n","Low","Medium","High"]
[null,"High","Resilient","At Risk","Vulnerable"]
[null,"Medium","At Risk","Vulnerable","Highly Vulnerable",null,"Vulnerability Matrix"]
[null,"Low","At Risk","High Vulnerable","Extremely Vulnerable"]

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["Risk Rating Scale",null,null,null,null,null,null,"Sector Risk",null,null,"Indicator Names","Consequence (Default)","Consequence (User)","Consequence (Estimate)","Likelihood","Risk (Default)","Risk (User)","Risk (Estimate)"]
[null,"Consequences",null,null,null,null,null,"Vulnerability Class ",3.4444444444444442,null,"High Winds","Insignificant","Moderate","Catastrophic","Possible","Low","Medium","High"]
["Probability","Insignificant","Minor","Moderate","Major","Catastrophic",null,"Consequence","Moderate","Select Likelihood below","Dry Periods","Catastrophic","Catastrophic","Catastrophic","Possible","High","High","High"]
["Almost Certain","Medium","Medium","High","Extreme","Extreme",null,"Likelihood","Likely",null,"Wet Periods","Minor","Minor","Minor","Possible","Medium","Medium","Medium"]
["Likely","Low","Medium","High","High","Extreme",null,"Risk Rating","High",null,"Hot Periods","Insignificant","Insignificant","Insignificant","Possible","Low","Low","Low"]
["Possible","Low","Medium","Medium","High","High",null,null,null,null,"Cold Periods","Insignificant","Insignificant","Insignificant","Possible","Low","Low","Low"]
["Unlikely","Low","Medium","Medium","Medium","Medium",null,"Always press update",null,null,"Volcano","Insignificant","Insignificant","Insignificant","Possible","Low","Low","Low"]
["Rare","Low","Low","Low","Low","Medium",null,null,null,null,"Earthquake","Insignificant","Insignificant","Insignificant","Possible","Low","Low","Low"]
["No Risk","No Risk","No Risk","No Risk","No Risk","No Risk",null,null,null,null,"Tsunamis","Minor","Minor","Minor",null,"No Risk","No Risk","No Risk"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Terrestrial Reserves (%)","Catastrophic","Catastrophic","Catastrophic","Possible","High","High","High"]
["Matrix deﬁnes the level of priority associated with each combination of consequence and likelihood.",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Fertilisers","Major","Major","Major","Possible","High","High","High"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Pesticides","Insignificant","Insignificant","Insignificant","Possible","Low","Low","Low"]
[1,"Extreme risks demand urgent attention at the most senior level and cannot be simply accepted as a part of routine operations without executive sanction.",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Renewable Water","Insignificant","Insignificant","Insignificant","Possible","Low","Low","Low"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Sulphur Dioxide Emissions","Catastrophic","Catastrophic","Catastrophic","Possible","High","High","High"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Waste Production","Insignificant","Insignificant","Insignificant","Possible","Low","Low","Low"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Waste Treatment","Catastrophic","Catastrophic","Catastrophic","Possible","High","High","High"]
[2,"High risks are the most severe that can be accepted as a part of routine operations without executive sanction\nbut they will be the responsibility of the most senior operational management and reported upon at the executive level.",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Industry","Moderate","Moderate","Moderate","Possible","Medium","Medium","Medium"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Sanitation","Major","Major","Major","Possible","High","High","High"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Population","Catastrophic","Catastrophic","Catastrophic","Possible","High","High","High"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Population Growth","Major","Major","Major","Possible","High","High","High"]
[3,"  Medium risks can be expected to form part of routine operations but they will be explicitly assigned to relevant managers for action, maintained under review and reported upon at senior management level.",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Tourists","Major","Major","Major","Possible","High","High","High"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Coastal Settlements","Catastrophic","Catastrophic","Catastrophic","Possible","High","High","High"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Environmental Agreements","Insignificant","Insignificant","Insignificant","Possible","Low","Low","Low"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Conflicts","Insignificant","Insignificant","Insignificant","Possible","Low","Low","Low"]
[4,"  Low risks will be maintained under review but it is expected that existing controls will be sufﬁcient and no further action will be required to treat them unless they become more severe.",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"RainClemencia","Catastrophic","Catastrophic","Moderate","Likely","Extreme","Extreme","High"]
[]
[]
[]
[]
["EVI","Consequence",null,null,null,null,"Likelihood Scale"]
[1,"Insignificant",null,null,null,null,"Rating\n","Recurrent risk","Single event"]
[2,"Minor",null,null,null,null,"Almost certain","Could occur several times per year","More likely than not: probability greater than 50%"]
[3,"Moderate",null,null,null,null,"Likely","May arise about once per year","As likely as not: 50/50 chance"]
[4,"Major",null,null,null,null,"Possible","May arise about once in 10 years","Less likely than not but still appreciable: probability less than 50% but still quite high"]
[5,"Major",null,null,null,null,"Unlikely","May arise about once in 25 years","Unlikely but not negligible: probability noticeably greater than zero"]
[6,"Catastrophic",null,null,null,null,"Rare","Unlikely during the next 25 years","Negligible: probability very small, near zero"]
[7,"Catastrophic",null,null,null,null,null,"Ref: Likelihood scale adopted from  AGO (Australian Greenhouse Office) 2006"]

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["Year","Actual Data","Year ","Predicted Values","Forecasting using Simple Linear Regression Models",null,null,null,"Title ","Rainfall at Clemencia"]
[2003,2820,2003,2820,"Model Parameters",null,null,null,"X-label","Year"]
[2004,2979.8,2004,2979.8,"Slope",-68.127142857142857,null,null,"Y-Label","Total Yearly"]
[2005,2780.6,2005,2780.6,"Intercept",139199.92380952381]
[2006,2312,2006,2312]
[2007,1903.3,2007,1903.3,"Prediction Ahead"]
[2008,2755.1,2008,2755.1,"Step Ahead",10,"Input Step Ahead"]
[2009,2627.8,2009,2627.8]
[2010,2456.9,2010,2456.9,"Instructions to Users:"]
[2011,1839.5,2011,1839.5]
[2012,1440.5,2012,1440.5,"Step 1:","Input time series data in Columns A (time) & B (data value)"]
[2013,2025.7,2013,2025.7]
[2014,1922,2014,1922]
[2015,1999.6,2015,1999.6]
[2016,1660.4,2016,1660.4,"Step 2:","Input the Step Ahead, i.e., Number forecasts ahead"]
[2017,2442.3000000000002,2017,2442.3000000000002]
[null,null,2018,1719.3495238095347]
[null,null,2019,1651.2223809523857]
[null,null,2020,1583.0952380952367,"Step 3:","You can edit Title, x-label and y-label"]
[null,null,2021,1514.9680952380877]
[null,null,2022,1446.8409523809678]
[null,null,2023,1378.7138095238188]
[null,null,2024,1310.5866666666698,"Step 4:","Press Forecast button"]
[null,null,2025,1242.4595238095208]
[null,null,2026,1174.3323809523718]
[null,null,2027,1106.2052380952518]

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[null,"PLEASE INPUT BASE YEAR AND CURRENT YEAR DATA",null,null,null,null,null,"Base Year Statistics",null,null,null,"Indicator Confidence Interval"]
[null,"Base Period Year ","Base Period Data",null,"Last Five Year ","Last Five Data",null,"Mean",{"$f":"AVERAGE(C:C)","v":2391.5500000000002},null,null,"Confidence Interval for µ"]
[null,2003,2820,null,2013,2025.7,null,"Standard Deviation",{"$f":"STDEV(C:C)","v":508.50458590743216},null,null,"Confidence Level:",null,95,"%"]
[null,2004,2979.8,null,2014,1922,null,"Min",{"$f":"MIN(C:C)","v":1440.5},null,null,"Critical Value:",null,{"$f":"IF(I6>=30,NORMINV(N3/100+(100-N3)/200,0,1),TINV(1-N3/100,I6-1))","v":2.2621571627982049},{"$f":"IF(I6>30,\"(Z-value)\",\"(t-value)\")","v":"(t-value)"}]
[null,2005,2780.6,null,2015,1999.6,null,"Max",{"$f":"MAX(C:C)","v":2979.8},null,null,"CI is given by","(",{"$f":"$I$2-$N$4*$I$3/SQRT($I$6)","v":2027.7877327533654},{"$f":"$I$2+$N$4*$I$3/SQRT($I$6)","v":2755.3122672466347},")"]
[null,2006,2312,null,2016,1660.4,null,"n",{"$f":"COUNT(C:C)","v":10}]
[null,2007,1903.3,null,2017,2442.3000000000002]
[null,2008,2755.1,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Indicator Summary to be used in XLM Toolkit"]
[null,2009,2627.8,null,null,null,null,"Last Five Year Statistics"]
[null,2010,2456.9,null,null,null,null,"Mean",{"$f":"AVERAGE(F:F)","v":2010},null,null,"Indicator Current Average value:",null,null,{"$f":"I10","v":2010}]
[null,2011,1839.5,null,null,null,null,"Standard Deviation",{"$f":"STDEV(F:F)","v":281.60348896986409}]
[null,2012,1440.5,null,null,null,null,"Min",{"$f":"MIN(F:F)","v":1660.4},null,null,"Indicator Scale Min Value:",null,null,{"$f":"N5","v":2027.7877327533654}]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Max",{"$f":"MAX(F:F)","v":2442.3000000000002}]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Indicator Scale Max Max:",null,null,{"$f":"O5","v":2755.3122672466347}]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Instructions"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,"Step 1:","Input Data for Base year in Column A (Year) and B (Data)"]
[]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,"Step 2:","Input Data for last five years in Column E (Year) and F (Data)"]

{"sheet":"Maps and Data","index":8,"n_rows":0,"n_cols":0,"rows_kept":0,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[]}

{"sheet":"..","index":9,"n_rows":8,"n_cols":5,"rows_kept":8,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[]}
[]
[]
[null,2007,null,null,2013]
[null,2008,null,null,2014]
[null,2009,null,null,2015]
[null,2010,null,null,2016]
[null,2011]
[null,2012]

{"sheet":"MRU","index":10,"n_rows":5,"n_cols":2,"rows_kept":5,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[]}
["Country Name","Mauritius"]
["Land Area",2030]
["Length of Maritime coast",177]
["Shelf Area",2030]
["Total Human Population",1263000]

{"sheet":"Data Backup","index":11,"n_rows":52,"n_cols":37,"rows_kept":52,"cut":false,"hidden":true,"merged":[]}
["Indicator ID","Category","Sub-Index Name","Health","Water","Coastal Zone","Infrastructure","Fisheries","Agriculture","Biodiversity","Indicator Names","Summary","DefaultValue","Units","Year(s)","Transformation","Transformed Value","Source","Additional Details if Summary not clear","Vulnerability Reduction","DefaultS1","DefaultS2","DefaultS3","DefaultS4","DefaultS5","DefaultS6","DefaultMin","DefaultMax","DefaultEVI","UserMin","UserS1","UserS2","UserS3","UserS4","UserS5","UserMax","UserEVI"]
[1,"Weather & Climate","Hazards",1,1,1,1,1,1,1,"High Winds","Average annual excess wind over the last five years (summing speeds on days during which the maximum recorded wind speed is greater than 20% higher than the 30 year average maximum wind speed for that month) averaged over all reference climate stations.",89.09,"days/yr","1999-2003","LN(X)",{"$f":"LN(M2)","v":4.4896470947325522},"NOAA","This indicator captures the likelihood of damage from frequent and severe wind that can affect forests, fan fires, create storm surges, dry soils, spread air pollution, and interact with other stressors. A high score could indicate shifts in weather patterns and climate, and could negatively affect a country’s resilience to other hazards.","Natural Phenomenon where human actions cannot directly influence the issue, but resilience against effects could be built up in other areas which are amenable to improvement (e.g maintain/ improve forest cover).",5,5.3,5.6,5.9,6.1,6.4,5,6.4,null,5,5,5.28,5.56,5.84,6.12,6.4]
[2,"Weather & Climate","Hazards",1,1,1,1,1,1,1,"Dry Periods","Average annual rainfall deficit (mm) over the past 5 years for all months with >20% lower rainfall than the 30 year monthly average, averaged over all reference climate stations.",-1562,"mm / station / yr","1999-2003","LN(|X|)",{"$f":"LN(-M3)","v":7.3537223303996315},"NOAA GHCN","This indicator captures not only the number of months with significantly lower rainfall, but also the strength of the deficit. Frequent and severe drought months could indicate shifts in weather patterns and climate, and could negatively affect a country’s resilience to other hazards (e.g. fires, water movements, ability of ecosystems to attenuate pollution).","Natural Phenomenon where human actions cannot directly influence the issue, but resilience against effects could be built up in other areas which are amenable to improvement (e.g maintain/ improve forest cover, improve water management).",4,4.5,5,5.5,6,6.5,4,6.5,null,4,4,4.5,5,5.5,6,6.5]
[3,"Weather & Climate","Hazards",1,1,1,1,1,1,1,"Wet Periods","Average annual excess rainfall (mm) over the past 5 years for all months with >20% higher rainfall than the 30 year monthly average, averaged over all reference climate stations.",33,"mm/station/year","1999-2003","sqrt(X)",{"$f":"SQRT(M4)","v":5.7445626465380286},"NOAA GHCN","This indicator captures not only the number of months with significantly higher rainfall, but also the amount of the excess. Frequent and severe wet months could indicate shifts in weather patterns and climate, and could negatively affect a country’s resilience to other hazards (e.g. water movements, ability of ecosystems to attenuate pollution)","Natural Phenomenon where human actions cannot directly influence the issue, but resilience against effects could be built up in other areas which are amenable to improvement (e.g. maintain / improve forest cover; promote good landuse practices).",5,7,9,11,13,15,5,15,null,5,null,null,null,null,null,15]
[4,"Weather & Climate","Hazards",1,1,1,1,1,1,1,"Hot Periods","Average annual excess heat (degrees Farenheit) over the past 5 years for all days more than 9F (5°C) hotter than the 30 year mean monthly maximum, averaged over all reference climate stations.",0,"degrees/yr","1999-2003","LN(X+1)",{"$f":"LN(M5+1)","v":0},"WMO","This indicator is designed to capture stress on land surfaces and nearshore or shallow aquatic environments to periods of high temperatures that can affect productivity, oxygen levels, pollution, reproduction and symbiotic relationships and lead to mass mortality.  Consequence: Regenerative ability of forests can be impaired in such cases.","Natural Phenomenon where human actions cannot directly influence the issue, but resilience against effects could be built up in other areas which are amenable to improvement (e.g. maintain / improve forest cover; reduce other stresses on fragile\necosystems such as forests, steppes, wetlands and coral reefs)",3.5,4,4.5,5,5.5,6,3.5,6,null,3.5,null,null,null,null,null,6]
[5,"Weather & Climate","Hazards",1,1,1,1,1,1,1,"Cold Periods","Average annual heat deficit (degrees) over the past 5 years for all days more than 5°C cooler than the 30 year mean monthly minimum, averaged over all reference climate stations.",0,"degrees / yr","1999-2003","LN(X+1)",{"$f":"LN(M6+1)","v":0},"WMO","This indicator is designed to capture stress on land surfaces and nearshore or shallow aquatic environments to periods of low temperatures that can affect productivity, oxygen levels, pollution, reproduction and symbiotic relationships and lead to mass mortality. This indicator captures not only the number of days with significantly lower temperatures, but also the amount of the “heat deficit”","This issue cannot be directly influenced by human actions, but\nresilience against effects could be built up in other areas which are amenable to\nimprovement (e.g. maintain / improve forest cover; reduce other stresses on fragile\necosystems such as forests and steppes)",3.5,4,4.5,5,5.5,6,3.5,6,null,3.5,null,null,null,null,null,6]
[6,"Weather & Climate","Hazards",1,1,1,1,1,1,1,"SST","Average annual deviation in Sea Surface Temperatures (SST) in the last 5 years in relation to the 30 year monthly means (1961-1990)",3.9079999999999999,"degrees / yr","Dec98-Nov03","LN(X)",{"$f":"LN(M7)","v":1.3630257341805363},"CRU","This indicator captures vulnerability to fluctuations in productivity, fisheries, currents, eddies, ENSO, cyclones & storms, blooms and coral bleaching. The indicator captures the total amount of the anomalies in SST, either as excess or deficit (using absolute values).","This issue cannot be directly influenced by human actions, but\nresilience against effects could be built up in other areas which are amenable to\nimprovement (e.g. build coastal resilience by controlling pollution, types of developments\nand resource use; maintain / improve forest cover).",1.3,1.6,1.9,2.2000000000000002,2.5,2.8,1.3,2.8,null,1.3,1.3,1.6,1.9,2.2000000000000002,2.5,2.8]
[7,"Geology","Hazards",1,1,1,1,1,1,1,"Volcano","Cumulative volcano risk as the weighted number of volcanoes with the potential for eruption greater than or equal to a Volcanic Explosively Index of 2 (VEI 2) within 100km of the country land boundary (divided by the area of land).",0,"VEI Units / million sq km",2003,"LN(X+1)",{"$f":"LN(M8+1)","v":0},"NOAA NGCD","This indicator captures the risk of damage to ecosystems from the physical, chemical and biological disturbances associated with volcanic eruptions. Because the risk associated with volcanoes varies according to size and type, the signal incorporates the number of volcanoes capable of affecting a country, and its potential for damage.","This issue cannot be directly influenced by human actions, but\nresilience against effects could be built up in other areas which are amenable to\nimprovement (e.g. maintain / improve forest cover; promote good landuse practices;\ncreate reserves)",2,3,4,5,6,7,2,7,null,2,null,null,null,null,null,7]
[8,"Geology","Hazards",1,1,1,1,1,1,1,"Earthquake","Cumulative earthquake energy within 100km of country land boundaries measured as Local Magnitude (ML) ≥ 6.0 and occurring at a depth of less than or equal to fifteen kilometres (≤15km depth) over 5 years (divided by land area)",0,"Number ML >= 6, Depth <= 15km",2001,"None",{"$f":"M9","v":0},"NOAA","Vulnerability to habitat disturbance through movements of land, water and slides. This indicator captures the risks of damage to the environment from large-scale disturbances such as fluidisation of soils and muds, diversion of rivers and other water bodies, sunamis, slides, and direct damage to organisms associated with earth movements.","This issue cannot be directly influenced by human actions, but\nresilience against effects could be built up in other areas which are amenable to\nimprovement and which reduce the impacts of development activities (e.g. maintain /\nimprove forest cover; promote good landuse practices).",1,2,3,4,5,6,1,6,null,1,null,null,null,null,null,6]
[9,"Geology","Hazards",1,1,1,1,1,1,1,"Tsunamis","Number of tsunamis or storms surges with run-up greater than 2 metres above Mean High Water Spring tide (MHWS) per 1000km coastline since 1900",1.1173184357541899,"Number since 1900 >2m run-up",2003,"None",{"$f":"M10","v":1.1173184357541899},"NOAA","This indicator captures the potential loss of shorelines, coastal ecosystems and resources, and loss of species due to catastrophic run up of seawater onto coastal lands.  Countries with frequent and severe tsunamis are at risk of severe or permanent damage to biodiversity, productivity and the ability to recover from other stressors.","This issue cannot be directly influenced by human actions, but\nresilience against effects could be built up in other areas which are amenable to\nimprovement (e.g. maintain / improve coastal forest cover; careful design of coastal\nstructures and developments; promote good landuse practices)",0,1,2,5,10,15,0,15,null,0,0,3,6,9,12,15]
[10,"Geology","Hazards",null,null,null,1,null,1,1,"Slides","Number of slides recorded in the last 5 years (EMDAT definitions), divided by land area",0,"Slides / million sq km land","1996-2000","LN(X+1)",{"$f":"LN(M11+1)","v":0},"EMDAT","Vulnerability to habitat disturbance and persistence of ecosystems and species from catastrophic shifts in the land surface. The primary and cumulative effects of slides would be especially important if there are many endangered species, sensitive ecosystems, and interactions with on-going human impacts","This issue cannot be directly influenced by human actions, but\nresilience against effects could be built up in other areas which are amenable to\nimprovement (e.g. maintain / improve forest cover; promote good landuse practices)",0,0.5,1,1.5,2,2.5,0,2.5,null,0,null,null,null,null,null,2.5]
[11,"Geography","Resistance",null,null,null,1,null,1,1,"Land Area","Total land area (km2)",10830,"sq km",2001,"LN(X)",{"$f":"LN(M12)","v":9.2900753399950364},"WRI","This indicator captures the richness of habitat types and diversity, availability of refuges if damage is sustained or for protection, and species and habitat redundancy. It is generally considered that larger countries will have more options and the ‘critical mass’ required for ecological systems to persist and re-seed each other in the face of ecosystem stressors.","This issue cannot be directly influenced by human actions, and is\npart of the inherent characteristics of a country. General environmental resilience could\nbe built up by improving resource use; appropriate developments and increasing the area\nunder reserves.",4,6,8,10,12,14,4,14,null,4,null,null,null,null,null,14]
[12,"Geography","Resistance",null,null,1,null,1,null,1,"Country Dispersion","Ratio of length of borders (land and maritime) to total land area",82.640812557710063,"km / 1000 sq km","2001-2002","LN(X)",{"$f":"LN(M13)","v":4.4145036572619558},"WRI 2000-2001, CIA 2002","This indicator captures the degree to which a country’s land area is fragmented and ‘thin’. Countries which are highly fragmented, comprised of many islands, or which have many peninsulas or land areas in thin strips are likely to be prone to more  transboundary effects.","This issue cannot be directly influenced by human actions, and is\npart of the inherent characteristics of a country. General environmental resilience could\nbe built up by improving resource use; appropriate developments and increasing the area\nunder reserves.",2,3,4,5,6,7,2,7,null,2,null,null,null,null,null,7]
[13,"Geography","Resistance",null,null,1,null,null,null,1,"Isolation","Distance to nearest continent (km)",640,"km",2000,"None",{"$f":"M14","v":640},"Times Comprehensive World Atlas","This indicator captures the proximity of a country to the nearest continent. Note that if a country is within a continent, this value is zero. Isolated countries may have a greater risk of loss of ecosystem types and species during periods of stress if they are far away from refuges and sources of recolonisation.","This issue cannot be directly influenced by human actions, and is\npart of the inherent characteristics of a country. General environmental resilience could\nbe built up by improving resource use; appropriate developments and increasing the area\nunder reserves.",0,50,100,400,800,1600,0,1600,null,0,null,null,null,null,null,1600]
[14,"Geography","Resistance",null,null,null,1,null,null,1,"Relief","Altitude range (highest point subtracted from the lowest point in country)",2256,"m",2001,"None",{"$f":"M15","v":2256},"CIA","This indicator examines the vulnerability of a country related to biodiversity of habitats and species and the potential for habitat disturbance through movements of water and slides. A country with a large altitude range is likely to have a greater variety of\necosystems, which in very high altitude areas, or very low ones (e.g. the Black Sea) leads to the formation of “endemic habitat types”.","This issue cannot be directly influenced by human actions, and is\npart of the inherent characteristics of a country. General environmental resilience could\nbe built up by improving resource use; appropriate developments and increasing the area\nunder reserves.",1500,3000,4500,6000,7000,8000,1500,8000,null,1500,null,null,null,null,null,8000]
[15,"Geography","Resistance",null,null,1,null,null,null,1,"Lowlands","Percentage of land area less than or equal to 50m above sea level",100,"%",2004,"None",{"$f":"M16","v":100},"Encarta Atlas","This indicator focuses on the presence of lowlands in a country with implied impacts associated with pollution, ecosystem disturbance, flooding and coastal vulnerability.  Areas of lowlands are those that will tend to be the first to flood, will tend to accumulate pollution that is mobilised by surface run-off, provide an important entry point (and extraction point) for groundwaters and if on the coasts of the sea or lakes may be subject to storm surges, tsunamis or sea level rise. They tend to be areas of high biodiversity and/or form critical habitats.","This issue cannot be directly influenced by human actions, and is\npart of the inherent characteristics of a country. General environmental resilience could\nbe built up by improving resource use; appropriate developments and increasing the area\nunder reserves.",0,15,30,45,60,75,0,75,null,0,null,null,null,null,null,75]
[16,"Geography","Resistance",null,null,1,null,1,null,null,"Borders","Number of land and sea borders (including EEZ) shared with other countries",8,"number",1999,"None",{"$f":"M17","v":8},"CIA, Encarta","This indicator captures the risk to terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems from transboundary risks including species introductions, lack of control of effects from neighbouring countries, lack of control of straddling stocks of resources, and uncontrolled migrations of humans (e.g. refugees). We consider that the greater the number of different jurisdictions bordering a country by land or sea, the greater the risks of neighbour effects – that is risks to the environment caused by the policies and behaviours of other countries.","This issue can be directly influenced by human actions though\nagreements designed to reduce transboundary risks such as pollution, movements of\nmigratory species and use of shared resources.",0,2,4,6,8,10,0,10,null,0,null,null,null,null,null,10]
[17,"Resources & services","Damage",null,null,null,null,null,null,1,"Ecosystem Imbalance","Ecological Imbalance as weighted average change in trophic level since fisheries began (for trophic level slice ≤3.35)",-3.4299999999999997E-2,"ND","ND","|X|",{"$f":"ABS(M18)","v":3.4299999999999997E-2},"UBC","This indicator captures the risk of ecosystem stress, loss of diversity, damage to the trophic structure of ecosystems, and loss of balance. It focuses on the risk to aquatic ecosystems associated with shifting the natural relationships, diversity and energy-flows within and among ecosystems. Although fisheries data are used, the indicator is more generally concerned with the downstream","This issue can be directly influenced by human actions though the\nadoption of ecosystem approaches to management of aquatic and terrestrial areas, and\nthe use of their resources.",0,0.02,0.04,0.06,0.08,0.1,0,0.1,null,0,null,null,null,null,null,0.1]
[18,"Resources & services","Hazards",null,null,1,1,null,null,null,"Environmental Openess","Average annual USD freight imports over the past 5 years by any means per km2 land area ",367.86703601108036,"USD Thousands / sq km land","1996-2000","LN(X)",{"$f":"LN(M19)","v":5.9077215576915894},"WRI","This indicator captures the risk of damage to a country through the importation of foreign materials (physical, chemical and biological) by land, air or sea through the large volumes of freight that move around the globe annually. Countries with large amounts of freight moving into them are considered more at risk of inadvertent introductions of diseases, species and genetically modified organisms, than those with lower levels of freight movements.  Freight imports may also be a mechanism for the introduction of pollution risks not normally found in a country – e.g. the import of radioactive substances, oil, chemicals.","This issue can directly be influenced by quarantine control of freight\nmovements and limiting or eliminating waste trading. Mechanisms could be put in place\nto contain accidental introductions where possible. General resilience building through\nmanagement of rare and endangered organisms and establishing more reserves could\nalso be undertaken.",1,1.5,2,2.5,3,3.5,1,3.5,null,1,null,null,null,null,null,3.5]
[19,"Resources & services","Resistance",null,null,null,null,1,null,1,"Migrations","Number of known species that migrate outside the territorial area at any time during their life spans (including land and all aquatic species) / area of land",2.21606648199446,"Spp / 1000 sq km land",2002,"LN(X+1)",{"$f":"LN(M20+1)","v":1.1681590233650105},"GROMS","This indicator focuses of species which pass outside of the control of the country and which during that time may be affected by actions of surrounding countries, or distant nations utilising them as a resource. It focuses on biodiversity, resilience and persistence of species with large variances in population numbers and/or that are susceptible to local extinctions.","This issue can be influenced through bilateral and multilateral\ntreaties designed to reduce transboundary risks such as pollution, movements of\nmigratory species and use of shared resources. General resilience building through\nmanagement of rare and endangered organisms and establishing more reserves could\nalso be undertaken.",1,1.5,2,2.5,3,3.5,1,3.5,null,1,null,null,null,null,null,3.5]
[20,"Resources & services","Resistance",null,null,null,null,1,null,1,"Endemic Species","Number of known endemic species per million square kilometre land area",92243.767313019387,"Spp / 1,000,000 sq km land","2000-2001","LN(X+1)",{"$f":"LN(M21+1)","v":11.43220083739987},"WRI","This indicator focuses biodiversity and the risk of losing unique species. The more endemic species a country has, the more vulnerable it is because localised extinction cannot be re-supplied from elsewhere by natural or augmented recolonisation. Losses of key species can affect ecosystem function and the goods and services they provide.","This issue can be influenced through identification and\npreservation of species and habitats unique to a country. General resilience building\ncould be achieved through creating more reserves in terrestrial and aquatic habitats.",0,2,4,6,8,10,0,10,null,0,null,null,null,null,null,10]
[21,"Resources & services","Damage",null,null,null,null,1,null,1,"Introductions of Species","Number of introduced species per 1000 square kilometre of land area",0.73868882733148655,"Spp / 1,000 sq km land",2002,"LN(X+1)",{"$f":"LN(M22+1)","v":0.55313128165616188},"FAO","This indicator captures past species introductions to a country with implied impacts on biodiversity and ecosystem integrity. This may include impacts at the levels of populations, genetics, species and ecosystems through complex ecological interactions.","This issue is difficult to rectify once introductions have occurred\nand exotic species have become established. This issue can directly be influenced by\nquarantine control of freight movements and mechanisms could be put in place to contain\naccidental introductions where possible. General resilience building through\nmanagement of rare and endangered organisms and establishing more reserves.",0,1,1.5,2,2.5,3,0,3,null,0,null,null,null,null,null,3]
[22,"Resources & services","Damage",null,null,null,null,1,null,1,"Endangered Species","Number of endangered and vulnerable species per 1000 sq km land area (IUCN definitions)",22.1606648199446,"Spp / 1,000 sq km land",2000,"None",{"$f":"M23","v":22.1606648199446},"IUCN","This indicator focuses on those species that have become endangered or threatened in a country with implied impacts on biodiversity and ecosystem integrity. These are the species most likely to next become extinct, and may already be resulting, by their reduced numbers, in impacts at the levels of populations, genetics, species and ecosystems through complex ecological interactions.","This issue can be influenced through identification and\npreservation of species and habitats under threat in a country. General resilience\nbuilding could be achieved through reducing pressure on threatened environments and\nspecies and by creating more reserves in terrestrial and aquatic habitats.",0,1,2,3,4,5,0,5,null,0,null,null,null,null,null,5]
[23,"Resources & services","Damage",null,null,null,null,1,null,1,"Extinctions of Species","Number of species known to have become extinct since 1900 per 1000 sq km land area (IUCN definitions).",0.73868882733148655,"Spp / 1,000 sq km land",2000,"None",{"$f":"M24","v":0.73868882733148655},"IUCN","This indicator focuses on those species that have become extinct in a country with implied impacts on biodiversity and ecosystem integrity. The loss of these species has resulted in a loss of biodiversity, and may also have resulted in impacts on ecosystem structure and function through complex ecological interactions.","Extinctions is already underway. Actions to be taken have to do with preservation of the endangered organisms and habitats under threat in a country. General resilience building\ncould also be achieved through creating more reserves in terrestrial and aquatic habitats.",0,0.1,0.2,0.3,0.4,0.5,0,0.5,null,0,null,null,null,null,null,0.5]
[24,"Resources & services","Damage",null,null,null,null,null,1,1,"Vegetation Cover (%)","Percentage of natural and regrowth vegetation cover remaining (include forests, wetlands, prairies, tundra, desert and alpine associations).",35.6,"% of original cover",1996,"|X|",{"$f":"M25","v":35.6},"WRI","This indicator focuses on the loss of natural vegetation cover in a country with implied impacts on biodiversity and ecosystem integrity. Losing natural vegetation has resulted in a loss of biodiversity, and have maybe resulted in impacts on ecosystem structure and function through complex ecological interactions.","The first action will be to prevent further losses of whatever\nnatural vegetation cover remains in a country. General resilience building could also be\nachieved through rehabilitation of degraded habitats, allowing areas to regenerate, better\nland use and creating more reserves in terrestrial habitats.",-80,-60,-40,-20,-10,0,-80,0,null,-80,null,null,null,null,null,0]
[25,"Resources & services","Hazards",null,null,null,null,null,1,1,"Loss of Vegetation Cover (%)","Net percentage change in natural vegetation cover over the last five years",-7.45,"% change (-ve = loss)","1995-2000","None",{"$f":"M26","v":-7.45},"WRI","This measures the rate of loss or gain of natural vegetation cover in countries. It focuses on biodiversity, ecosystem resilience, the capacity of a country to attenuate pollution, prevention of soil loss and on-going soil development, reduction of runoff, recharging of ground waters and soil formation.","The first action will be to prevent further losses of whatever\nnatural vegetation cover remains in a country. General resilience building could also be\nachieved through rehabilitation of degraded habitats, allowing areas to regenerate, better\nlanduse and creating more reserves in terrestrial habitats.",0,null,null,0,-1,-2,0,-2,null,0,null,null,null,null,null,-2]
[26,"Resources & services","Damage",null,null,null,1,null,null,1,"Habitat Fragmentation (Roads)","Total length of all roads in a country divided by land area",1.7543859649122806,"km / sq km",1999,"LN(X+1)",{"$f":"LN(M27+1)","v":1.0131945375137579},"World Bank","This is a proxy measure for pressure on ecosystems resulting from fragmentation into discontinuous pieces. It also relates to habitat disturbance and degradation.","Mecanisms that reducing fragmentation of land by maximising use of uniterrupted space in non-urban areas for road planning. General resilience building could also\nbe achieved through improvements in related issues, such as rehabilitation of degraded\nhabitats, allowing deforested areas to regenerate, and creating more reserves in\nterrestrial habitats. ",0.2,0.4,0.6,0.8,1,1.2,0.2,1.2,null,0.2,null,null,null,null,null,1.2]
[27,"Resources & services","Damage",null,null,null,1,null,null,null,"Degradation (%)","Percent of land area that is either severely or very severely degraded (FAO/AGL Terrastat definitions)",101.56971375807942,"%",2000,"None",{"$f":"M28","v":101.56971375807942},"FAO / AGL","This indicator captures the status of loss of ecosystems in a country and highlights the breakdown of ecosystems which leads to decreasing iodiversity, soil quality, resilience against natural events and the assimilative capacity of  the environment.","Mechanisms destroying the environment should be stopped and punished. Programmes for rehabilitation and/or allowing natural regeneration could be put in place. General resilience building could also be achieved through improvements in land use and other related issues, such as creating more\nreserves in terrestrial habitats.",5,10,15,20,25,50,5,50,null,5,null,null,null,null,null,50]
[28,"Resources & services","Hazards",null,1,null,1,null,null,1,"Terrestrial Reserves (%)","Percent of terrestrial land area legally set aside as no take reserves",0.1,"% of land area",1999,"None",{"$f":"M29","v":0.1},"WCMC, WRI","This indicator captures the increase in resilience, function of pollution attenuation, groundwater recharge, limits to losses of biodiversity and refuges afforded by the presence of adequate terrestrial reserves (including aquatic ecosystems located within the land area) in a country.  Reserves may be one of the few ways managers could off-set some other environmental damage and build resilience against natural events that can damage the environmental support system.","Setting aside reserves of 20% of the land area is probably the most powerful action that\ncould be taken to build resilience against all other pressures on the environment.\nTerrestrial reserves can be used as water catchment areas.",20,15,10,5,0,null,20,0,null,20,null,null,null,null,null,0]
[29,"Resources & services","Hazards",null,null,1,null,1,null,1,"Marine Reserves (%)","Percentage of continental shelf legally designated as marine protected areas (MPAs)",15.241324774397617,"%",1999,"None",{"$f":"M30","v":15.241324774397617},"WCMC (MPAs), WRI (Shelf)","This indicator captures the increase in resilience, function of pollution attenuation and fisheries production, limits to losses of biodiversity and refuges afforded by the presence  of adequate marine reserves in a country and it also focuses on areas with the most intact marine environments and the level of environmental management. Reserves may be one of the few ways managers could off-set some other environmental damage and build resilience against natural events that can damage the environmental support system.","Setting aside reserves of 20% of the marine area is probably the most powerful action\nthat could be taken to build resilience against all other pressures on the environment.",20,15,10,5,0,null,20,0,null,20,null,null,null,null,null,0]
[30,"Resources & services","Hazards",null,null,null,null,null,1,null,"Intensive Farming","Annual tonnage of intensively farmed animal products (includes aquaculture, pigs, poultry) produced over the last five years per square kilometre land area.",1398.0904893813481,"t / sq km / yr","1996-2000","LN(X+1)",{"$f":"LN(M31+1)","v":7.2435776540471686},"FAO","This indicator captures the risk of pollution, eutrophication, ecosystem loss or damage and the risk of diseases and plagues. It focuses on lands being used for intensive agriculture, which we define as those in which the wastes produced over the land are in excess of the ability of that same land area to attenuate them.  Intensive farming includes the farming of poultry, pigs, aquaculture, and some farming of cattle and other animals where kept in feed lots and involves clearing of land, feeding, heavy use of pesticides and other medications and a concentrated production of wastes.","Risks related to use of medicines, pesticides and other chemicals and production of concentrated wastes. Mechanisms for reducing their use and/or impacts on the environment through better\nhusbandry and treatment of wastes would reduce risks associated with this issue",2,3,4,5,6,7,2,7,null,2,null,null,null,null,null,7]
[31,"Resources & services","Hazards",1,1,null,null,null,1,1,"Fertilisers","Average annual intensity of fertiliser use over the total land area over the last 5 years.",2150.5078485687905,"kg / sq km / yr","1995-1997","LN(X+1)",{"$f":"LN(M32+1)","v":7.6739242002240298},"WRI, OECD","This indicator captures the risk to terrestrial, aquatic ecosystems and ground waters from the use of chemical NPK fertilisers. This indicator is a measure of damage to ecosystems, water and soil quality, coral reefs and other sensitive organisms through eutrophication, pollution, soil damage and salinisation.","Systems of agriculture that do not require large applications of\nNPK fertilisers should be explored, this might include mechanisms for recycling organic\nwastes. General resilience building would be through reducing other pressures on the\nreceiving environments that could interact with large inputs of fertilisers.",4,6,7,8,9,10,4,10,null,4,null,null,null,null,null,10]
[32,"Resources & services","Hazards",1,1,null,1,null,1,1,"Pesticides","Average annual pesticides used as kg/km2/year over total land area over last 5 years.","ND","kg / sq km / yr",1996,"LN(X+1)",{"$f":"IF(M33=\"ND\",\"ND\",LN(M33+1))","v":"ND"},"WRI, OECD","This indicator captures the risk to terrestrial, aquatic ecosystems and ground waters from heavy use of pesticides. The indicator focuses on damage and pollution of ecosystems, soil damage, damage to reproductive systems of organisms, loss of species, and damage to aquatic organisms including fisheries and coral reefs.","Systems of agriculture that do not require large applications of\nNPK fertilisers should be explored, this might include mechanisms for recycling organic\nwastes. General resilience building would be through reducing other pressures on the\nreceiving environments that could interact with large inputs of fertilisers.",0,0.5,1,2,3,4,0,4,null,0,null,null,null,null,null,4]
[33,"Resources & services","Hazards",null,null,null,null,null,1,1,"Biotechnology","Cumulative number of deliberate field trials of genetically modified organisms conducted in the country since 1986",0,"Total number trials",2000,"None",{"$f":"M34","v":0},"ISAAA, BINAS, OECD","This indicator captures the risk to genetic diversity, genetic pollution and unpredictable ecosystem effects of introducing incompletely tested and/or unpredictable bioengineered organisms into the environment. This includes new toxin-producing organisms, terminators (the use of deliberately sterile organisms is often used as a biological control method for pests) or organisms with new ecological behaviours. This indicator operates under the precautionary principle.  Precautionary principle: A strategy to cope with possible risks where scientific understanding is yet incomplete.","Deliberate introductions of organisms that may have unpredictable interactions with the environment should not be undertaken. Laboratory tests are not reliable enough for field tests as the environment makes the consequences unpredicatble. Each GMO introduced into the environment carries a similar risk to an introduced species.",0,null,null,null,20,50,0,50,null,0,null,null,null,null,null,50]
[34,"Resources & services","Hazards",null,null,1,null,1,null,null,"Productivity Overfishing","Average ratio of productivity : fisheries catch over the last 5 years",496338.07413501386,"tC / sq km / yr  :  t fish / sq km / yr","1994-1998","LN(X)",{"$f":"LN(M35)","v":13.115012574601206},"FAO, UBC","This indicator captures the risk of damage to fisheries stocks by examining rates of extraction in relation to the potential for the environment to replenish those stocks (productivity). This indicator should be read in combination with Indicator 39 which focuses on catch per human effort.","Fisheries policy that keeps catches within overall sustainable\nlimits of the country’s productivity. General resilience can be built by creating marine\nreserves.",10,11,12,13,14,15,10,15,null,10,null,null,null,null,null,15]
[35,"Resources & services","Hazards",null,null,1,null,1,null,null,"Fishing Effort","Average annual number of fishers per kilometre of coastline over the last 5 years",9.1664804469273751,"fishers / yr / km coast","1994-1996","LN(X+1)",{"$f":"LN(M36+1)","v":2.3190960780818357},"WRI","This indicator captures the risk of damage to fisheries stocks through overcapacity of human effort. In this indicator we have tried to capture all fishers, not just the commercial fleet. This indicator should be read in combination with Indicator 24, which focuses on ecological overfishing.","Fisheries policy that keeps catches within overall sustainable\nlimits of the country’s productivity. General resilience can be built by creating marine\nreserves.",2,2.5,3,3.5,4,4.5,2,4.5,null,2,null,null,null,null,null,4.5]
[36,"Resources & services","Hazards",null,1,null,1,null,null,1,"Renewable Water","Average annual water usage as percentage of renewable water resources over the last 5 years",9.5744680851063837,"%",1993,"None",{"$f":"M37","v":9.5744680851063837},"WRI 2000-2001","This indicator captures the risk to terrestrial environments, aquatic ecosystems and ground waters from over-extraction of freshwater resources. It focuses on sustainable use of surface free water and groundwater and damage through salinisation, extraction of functionally non-renewable groundwater, and damage to rivers, lakes and other habitats.","Policies that ensure extractions of water from the environment\nare within sustainable limits. Water should be taken from renewable sources and used within limits so that other elements of the environment can function. General resilience can be built by managing watersheds, wetlands, groundwater and forests which are important elements of how ecosystems interact with the hydrological cycle.",10,20,40,60,80,100,10,100,null,10,null,null,null,null,null,100]
[37,"Resources & services","Hazards",1,1,null,1,null,null,1,"Sulphur Dioxide Emissions","Average annual SO2 emissions over the last 5 years",9.3351800554016613,"t / sq km / yr",1995,"LN(X+1)",{"$f":"LN(M38+1)","v":2.3355536148882767},"GEO 3","This indicator captures the risk to ecosystem health from air pollution, including its downstream effects. High rates of emissions of gases from industry present risks to all aspects of the environment through diffuse pathways, including deposition by rain.","Policies that ensure managed emissions or clean industry should\nbe examined and implemented. General resilience can be built by maintaining and\nrestoring wetlands, forests and other ecosystems that encourage biodegradation of\nindustrial wastes.",0.25,0.5,0.75,1,1.5,2,0.25,2,null,0.25,null,null,null,null,null,2]
[38,"Resources & services","Hazards",1,1,null,1,null,null,null,"Waste Production","Average annual net amount of generated and imported toxic, hazardous and municipal wastes per square kilometre land area over the last 5 years","ND","t/km2/yr","1996-2000","LN(X+1)",{"$f":"IF(M39=\"ND\",\"ND\",LN(M39+1))","v":"ND"},"UNEP 1998, EEA 2001, MZPSR","This indicator captures the risk to terrestrial, aquatic ecosystems and ground waters from toxic and municipal wastes. All such wastes need a suitable area of land or volume of water for their eventual attenuation.","Policies that ensure wastes are minimised and used efficiently\nthrough recycling. Waste importation should be reduced or stopped. General resilience\ncan be built by maintaining and restoring forests and other ecosystems that encourage\nbiodegradation of wastes.",1,2,3,4,5,6,1,6,null,1,null,null,null,null,null,6]
[39,"Resources & services","Hazards",1,1,null,1,null,null,null,"Waste Treatment","Mean annual percent of hazardous, toxic and municipal waste effectively managed and treated over the past 5 years.","ND","ND","ND","None",{"$f":"M40","v":"ND"},"ND","This indicator captures the proportion of wastes rendered less harmful. Vulnerability is in relation to risk to terrestrial, aquatic ecosystems and ground waters from toxic and  municipal wastes and how they are treated.","Policies that ensure wastes are minimised and used efficiently\nthrough recycling. Waste importation should be reduced or stopped. General resilience\ncan be built by maintaining and restoring forests and other ecosystems that encourage\nbiodegradation of wastes.",100,80,60,50,40,30,100,30,null,100,null,null,null,null,null,30]
[40,"Resources & services","Hazards",null,1,null,1,null,null,null,"Industry","Average annual use of electricity for industry over the last 5 years per square kilometre of land",14.339335180055404,"toe / km2",1997,"None",{"$f":"M41","v":14.339335180055404},"WRI","This indicator captures all major potential chemical and other industrial polluters that could cause significant environmental damage from accidents and diffuse pollution, including acid rain, not normally recorded as part of waste streams. It also captures electricity generation and/or use specifically for purposes of industry, which in itself has ecological consequences. This indicator is used to take into account accidents such as the Bhopal chemical explosion in India, as well as incidents such as the Chernobyl and more recently the Japanese nuclear disaster.","Policies that ensure clean industry with rapid and effective\nresponse to accidents, waste minimisation and recycling. General resilience can be built\nby maintaining and restoring forests and other ecosystems that encourage\nbiodegradation of wastes.",5,10,20,50,100,200,5,200,null,5,null,null,null,null,null,200]
[41,"Resources & services","Hazards",null,null,1,null,1,null,1,"Spills","Total number of spills of oil and hazardous substances greater than 1000 litres on land, in rivers or within territorial waters per million km coast during the last five years",0,"Number of spills / million km coasts","1996-2000","None",{"$f":"M42","v":0},"ITOPF 2002","This indicator captures the risk to marine, estuarine, riverine, lake, ground water and terrestrial ecosystems from spills of hydrocarbons and other toxic fluids. Only spills greater than 1,000 litres are included.","Policies that promote safe handing of hazardous substances and\nensure rapid and effective response to accidental spills. General resilience can be built\nby maintaining and restoring coasts, wetlands and forests as well as other ecosystems\nthat encourage biodegradation of wastes.",0,50,100,150,200,250,0,250,null,0,null,null,null,null,null,250]
[42,"Resources & services","Hazards",null,null,1,1,null,null,1,"Mining","Average annual mining production (include all surface and subsurface mining and quarrying) per km2 of land area over the past 5 years.",957.06558448753469,"t / km2 / yr","1996-2000","LN(X+1)",{"$f":"LN(M43+1)","v":6.8649162354266924},"USGS, World Nuclear Assoc, Diamond Registry, Salt Inst","This indicator captures the risk to terrestrial, aquatic ecosystems and ground waters from the effects of ecosystem disturbance, accidents, oil spills and toxic leachates, and processing from mining of all kinds. All disturbance can lead to vulnerability to other processes, human and natural, and wastes need a suitable area of land or volume of water for their eventual attenuation or long term deposition. High levels of mining activity present risks to all aspects of the environment.","Policies that ensure whole life management of mines, including\nwaste minimisation, stablisation and rehabilitation. Waste importation through bringing of\nores should be minimised. General resilience can be built by maintaining and restoring\nforests and other ecosystems that encourage biodegradation of wastes.",1,2,3,4,5,6,1,6,null,1,null,null,null,null,null,6]
[43,"Resources & services","Hazards",1,1,null,1,null,null,null,"Sanitation","Density of population without access to safe sanitation (WHO definitions)",27.074788550323177,"people / km2","1990-1997","LN(X+1)",{"$f":"LN(M44+1)","v":3.334871968995901},"WRI","This indicator is a proxy measure for how human waste is treated before it enters the environment. We are taking safe sanitation as an indication of at least some pre-treatment of sewage before it enters stream, groundwater recharge, coastal and land areas.","Policies that ensure human wastes are treated to secondary or higher levels before being released to the environment (Some are not to be treated as such if they do not have a big impact on the ecosystem). General resilience can be built by maintaining and restoring forests and other ecosystems that encourage biodegradation of wastes.",1.5,2,2.5,3,3.5,4,1.5,4,null,1.5,null,null,null,null,null,4]
[44,"Resources & services","Hazards",null,null,null,1,null,null,null,"Vehicles","Number of vehicles per square kilometre of land area (most recent data)",10.091512096029547,"vehicles / km2","ND","LN(X+1)",{"$f":"LN(M45+1)","v":2.406180139771068},"WRI 2000-2001","This indicator captures the risk to terrestrial ecosystems in the form of habitat damage, habitat fragmentation, loss of biodiversity, pollution hazardous wastes and industries, including air and lead pollution on land and in waterways.","Policies that promote public and clean transport options and good\nwaste management, including efficient use of wastes through recycling. General\nresilience can be built by maintaining and restoring forests and creating reserves.",1,1.5,2,2.5,3,3.5,1,3.5,null,1,null,null,null,null,null,3.5]
[45,"Human populations","Damage",1,1,1,1,1,1,1,"Population","Total human population density (number per km2 land area)",238.50415512465375,"people / km2",2001,"LN(X+1)",{"$f":"LN(M46+1)","v":5.4785707658639557},"US Bureau of Census","This is a proxy measure for pressure on the environment resulting from the number of humans being supported per unit of land. The greater numbers of people increases pressure on the environment for resources, for the attenuation of wastes and physical  disturbance of the environment.","Policies that keep human population pressures within sustainable\nlimits. This includes lifestyle choices and minimising the ecological footprint and levels of\nconsumption. General resilience can be built by maintaining and restoring damaged\necosystems, minimising wastes and creating terrestrial and aquatic reserves.",3,3.5,4,4.5,5,5.5,3,5.5,null,3,null,null,null,null,null,5.5]
[46,"Human populations","Hazards",1,1,1,1,1,1,1,"Population Growth","Annual human population growth rate over the last 5 years",0.58482797076755699,"%","1996-2001","None",{"$f":"M47","v":0.58482797076755699},"US Bureau of Census","This indicator focuses on the potential for damage relating to expanding human populations. It signals increasing rates of habitat damage, exploitation of naturalresources and disposal of wastes that will need to be assimilated into the environment. It also captures the risk of infrastructure not being able to keep up with demand for issues such as waste treatment.","Policies that keep human population pressures within sustainable\nlimits. This includes lifestyle choices and minimising the ecological footprint and levels of\nconsumption. General resilience can be built by maintaining and restoring damaged\necosystems, minimising wastes and creating terrestrial and aquatic reserves",0,0,0.5,1,1.5,2,0,2,null,0,null,null,null,null,null,2]
[47,"Human populations","Hazards",1,1,1,1,1,1,1,"Tourists","Average annual number of international tourists per km2 land over the past 5 years.",107.29455216989842,"people/km2/yr","1996-2000","LN(X+1)",{"$f":"LN(M48+1)","v":4.6848548496013338},"WTO, Tourist Board","This is a measure for the additional load of all human impacts associated with international visitors and not reported in human population statistics. Tourists place additional pressure on the environment through increasing demands on local resources and through creation of pollution as well as physical disturbances of the environment. It is possible that their environmental burden is greater than that of residents.","Options for ecotourism could be examined. Policies that ensure\nthat capital damage to the environment and wastes are minimised. General resilience\ncan be built by maintaining and restoring forests and other ecosystems and creating\nterrestrial and aquatic reserves.",3,3.5,4,4.5,5,5.5,3,5.5,null,3,null,null,null,null,null,5.5]
[48,"Human populations","Damage",1,1,1,1,1,1,1,"Coastal Settlements","Density of people living in coastal settlements (i.e. with a city centre within 100km of any maritime or lake* coast).",238.50415512465375,"people/km2",1995,"LN(X+1)",{"$f":"LN(M49+1)","v":5.4785707658639557},"WRI 2000-2001","This indicator captures the focus of stress on coastal ecosystems, often the most productive living areas in a country, through pollution, eutrophication, resource depletion and habitat degradation.","Policies that manage ecosystems and their use at the interface\nbetween land and sea, lakes or rivers. Emphasis should be on fragile habitats such as\nswamps, mangroves, estuaries, lakes. General resilience can be built by maintaining and\nrestoring damaged ecosystems and creating reserves.",3,3.5,4,4.5,5,5.5,3,5.5,null,3,null,null,null,null,null,5.5]
[49,"Human populations","Hazards",1,1,1,1,1,1,1,"Environmental Agreements","Number of environmental treaties in force in a country",68,"treaties",2003,"None",{"$f":"M50","v":68},"SEDAC / CIESIN","This indicator captures the level of management and stewardship of the environment in a country. Two aspects of legislation are needed: the message to the public that environmental management is essential, and the effectiveness of controls. The benefits of good management would be especially important if there are many endangered species, sensitive ecosystems, and interactions with on-going human impacts.","Becoming party to agreements that help the country to address\nits most significant issues as identified by the EVI. Use assistance in the form of\ninformation, technology, and others to formulate and implement national-level actions to\naddress environmental concerns.",60,50,40,30,20,10,60,10,null,60,null,null,null,null,null,10]
[50,"Human populations","Damage",1,1,1,1,1,1,1,"Conflicts","Average number of conflict years per decade within the country over the past 50 years.",0,"Average conflict years / decade","1991-2000","None",{"$f":"M51","v":0},"EMDAT","This indicator captures the risk to terrestrial, aquatic ecosystems and ground waters related to human conflicts. Conflicts can result in habitat disturbance and degradation, pollution and a complete breakdown in environmental management. The time frame used reflects the long term nature of conflict-related damage to the environmental support system.","Policies that reduce and clean up pollution and war-related\nhazards, rehabilitate damaged areas and ensure people in affected areas are given relief\nso that they do not need to make inefficient emergency use of resources and services.",0,null,null,0,2,5,0,5,null,0,null,null,null,null,null,5]
[51,"Weather & Climate",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Rainfall","Average Rainfall.",1100,"mm",2017,"LN(X)",7.0030654587864598,"MMS",null,null,0,2,4,6,8,null,0,10,null,0,0,2,4,6,8,10]

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["Indicator ID","Category","Sub-Index Name","Health","Water","Coastal Zone","Infrastructure","Fisheries","Agriculture","Biodiversity","Indicator Names","Summary","DefaultValue","Units","Year(s)","Transformation","Transformed Value","Source","Additional Details if Summary not clear","Vulnerability Reduction","DefaultS1","DefaultS2","DefaultS3","DefaultS4","DefaultS5","DefaultMin","DefaultMax","DefaultEVI","UserMin","UserS1","UserS2","UserS3","UserS4","UserS5","UserMax","UserEVI","UserEstEVI","IndicatorLikelihood"]
[1,"Weather & Climate","Hazards",null,1,null,null,null,null,null,"High Winds","Average annual excess wind over the last five years (summing speeds on days during which the maximum recorded wind speed is greater than 20% higher than the 30 year average maximum wind speed for that month) averaged over all reference climate stations.",89.09,"days/yr","1999-2003","LN(X)",4.4896470947325504,"NOAA","This indicator captures the likelihood of damage from frequent and severe wind that can affect forests, fan fires, create storm surges, dry soils, spread air pollution, and interact with other stressors. A high score could indicate shifts in weather patterns and climate, and could negatively affect a country’s resilience to other hazards.","Natural Phenomenon where human actions cannot directly influence the issue, but resilience against effects could be built up in other areas which are amenable to improvement (e.g maintain/ improve forest cover).",5,5.28,5.56,5.84,6.12,5,6.4,1,4,4,4.4800000000000004,4.96,5.44,5.92,6.4,3,6,"Possible"]
[2,"Weather & Climate","Hazards",1,1,1,1,1,1,1,"Dry Periods","Average annual rainfall deficit (mm) over the past 5 years for all months with >20% lower rainfall than the 30 year monthly average, averaged over all reference climate stations.",-1562,"mm / station / yr","1999-2003","LN(|X|)",7.3537223303996297,"NOAA GHCN","This indicator captures not only the number of months with significantly lower rainfall, but also the strength of the deficit. Frequent and severe drought months could indicate shifts in weather patterns and climate, and could negatively affect a country’s resilience to other hazards (e.g. fires, water movements, ability of ecosystems to attenuate pollution).","Natural Phenomenon where human actions cannot directly influence the issue, but resilience against effects could be built up in other areas which are amenable to improvement (e.g maintain/ improve forest cover, improve water management).",4,4.5,5,5.5,6,4,6.5,7,4,4,4.5,5,5.5,6,6.5,7,7,"Possible"]
[3,"Weather & Climate","Hazards",1,1,1,1,1,1,1,"Wet Periods","Average annual excess rainfall (mm) over the past 5 years for all months with >20% higher rainfall than the 30 year monthly average, averaged over all reference climate stations.",33,"mm/station/year","1999-2003","sqrt(X)",5.7445626465380304,"NOAA GHCN","This indicator captures not only the number of months with significantly higher rainfall, but also the amount of the excess. Frequent and severe wet months could indicate shifts in weather patterns and climate, and could negatively affect a country’s resilience to other hazards (e.g. water movements, ability of ecosystems to attenuate pollution)","Natural Phenomenon where human actions cannot directly influence the issue, but resilience against effects could be built up in other areas which are amenable to improvement (e.g. maintain / improve forest cover; promote good landuse practices).",5,7,9,11,13,5,15,2,5,5,7,9,11,13,15,2,2,"Possible"]
[4,"Weather & Climate","Hazards",1,1,1,1,1,1,1,"Hot Periods","Average annual excess heat (degrees Farenheit) over the past 5 years for all days more than 9F (5°C) hotter than the 30 year mean monthly maximum, averaged over all reference climate stations.",0,"degrees/yr","1999-2003","LN(X+1)",0,"WMO","This indicator is designed to capture stress on land surfaces and nearshore or shallow aquatic environments to periods of high temperatures that can affect productivity, oxygen levels, pollution, reproduction and symbiotic relationships and lead to mass mortality.  Consequence: Regenerative ability of forests can be impaired in such cases.","Natural Phenomenon where human actions cannot directly influence the issue, but resilience against effects could be built up in other areas which are amenable to improvement (e.g. maintain / improve forest cover; reduce other stresses on fragile\necosystems such as forests, steppes, wetlands and coral reefs)",3.5,4,4.5,5,5.5,3.5,6,1,3.5,3.5,4,4.5,5,5.5,6,1,1,"Possible"]
[5,"Weather & Climate","Hazards",1,1,1,1,1,1,1,"Cold Periods","Average annual heat deficit (degrees) over the past 5 years for all days more than 5°C cooler than the 30 year mean monthly minimum, averaged over all reference climate stations.",0,"degrees / yr","1999-2003","LN(X+1)",0,"WMO","This indicator is designed to capture stress on land surfaces and nearshore or shallow aquatic environments to periods of low temperatures that can affect productivity, oxygen levels, pollution, reproduction and symbiotic relationships and lead to mass mortality. This indicator captures not only the number of days with significantly lower temperatures, but also the amount of the “heat deficit”","This issue cannot be directly influenced by human actions, but\nresilience against effects could be built up in other areas which are amenable to improvement (e.g. maintain / improve forest cover; reduce other stresses on fragile ecosystems such as forests and steppes)",3.5,4,4.5,5,5.5,3.5,6,1,3.5,3.5,4,4.5,5,5.5,6,1,1,"Possible"]
[6,null,"Hazards",null,null,1,null,null,null,null,"SST","Average annual deviation in Sea Surface Temperatures (SST) in the last 5 years in relation to the 30 year monthly means (1961-1990)",3.9079999999999999,"degrees / yr","Dec98-Nov03","LN(X)",1.3630257341805401,"CRU","This indicator captures vulnerability to fluctuations in productivity, fisheries, currents, eddies, ENSO, cyclones & storms, blooms and coral bleaching. The indicator captures the total amount of the anomalies in SST, either as excess or deficit (using absolute values).","This issue cannot be directly influenced by human actions, but\nresilience against effects could be built up in other areas which are amenable to improvement (e.g. build coastal resilience by controlling pollution, types of developments and resource use; maintain / improve forest cover).",1.3,1.6,1.9,2.2000000000000002,2.5,1.3,2.8,1,1.3,1.3,1.6,1.9,2.2000000000000002,2.5,2.8,1,1,"Possible"]
[7,"Geology","Hazards",1,1,1,1,1,1,1,"Volcano","Cumulative volcano risk as the weighted number of volcanoes with the potential for eruption greater than or equal to a Volcanic Explosively Index of 2 (VEI 2) within 100km of the country land boundary (divided by the area of land).",0,"VEI Units / million sq km",2003,"LN(X+1)",0,"NOAA NGCD","This indicator captures the risk of damage to ecosystems from the physical, chemical and biological disturbances associated with volcanic eruptions. Because the risk associated with volcanoes varies according to size and type, the signal incorporates the number of volcanoes capable of affecting a country, and its potential for damage.","This issue cannot be directly influenced by human actions, but\nresilience against effects could be built up in other areas which are amenable to\nimprovement (e.g. maintain / improve forest cover; promote good landuse practices;\ncreate reserves)",2,3,4,5,6,2,7,1,2,2,3,4,5,6,7,1,1,"Possible"]
[8,"Geology","Hazards",1,1,1,1,1,1,1,"Earthquake","Cumulative earthquake energy within 100km of country land boundaries measured as Local Magnitude (ML) ≥ 6.0 and occurring at a depth of less than or equal to fifteen kilometres (≤15km depth) over 5 years (divided by land area)",0,"Number ML >= 6, Depth <= 15km",2001,"None",0,"NOAA","Vulnerability to habitat disturbance through movements of land, water and slides. This indicator captures the risks of damage to the environment from large-scale disturbances such as fluidisation of soils and muds, diversion of rivers and other water bodies, sunamis, slides, and direct damage to organisms associated with earth movements.","This issue cannot be directly influenced by human actions, but\nresilience against effects could be built up in other areas which are amenable to\nimprovement and which reduce the impacts of development activities (e.g. maintain /\nimprove forest cover; promote good landuse practices).",1,2,3,4,5,1,6,1,1,1,2,3,4,5,6,1,1,"Possible"]
[9,"Geology","Hazards",1,1,1,1,1,1,1,"Tsunamis","Number of tsunamis or storms surges with run-up greater than 2 metres above Mean High Water Spring tide (MHWS) per 1000km coastline since 1900",1.1173184357541901,"Number since 1900 >2m run-up",2003,"None",1.1173184357541901,"NOAA","This indicator captures the potential loss of shorelines, coastal ecosystems and resources, and loss of species due to catastrophic run up of seawater onto coastal lands.  Countries with frequent and severe tsunamis are at risk of severe or permanent damage to biodiversity, productivity and the ability to recover from other stressors.","This issue cannot be directly influenced by human actions, but\nresilience against effects could be built up in other areas which are amenable to\nimprovement (e.g. maintain / improve coastal forest cover; careful design of coastal\nstructures and developments; promote good landuse practices)",0,3,6,9,12,0,15,2,0,0,3,6,9,12,15,2,2]
[10,"Geology","Hazards",null,null,null,1,null,1,1,"Slides","Number of slides recorded in the last 5 years (EMDAT definitions), divided by land area",0,"Slides / million sq km land","1996-2000","LN(X+1)",0,"EMDAT","Vulnerability to habitat disturbance and persistence of ecosystems and species from catastrophic shifts in the land surface. The primary and cumulative effects of slides would be especially important if there are many endangered species, sensitive ecosystems, and interactions with on-going human impacts","This issue cannot be directly influenced by human actions, but\nresilience against effects could be built up in other areas which are amenable to\nimprovement (e.g. maintain / improve forest cover; promote good landuse practices)",0,0.5,1,1.5,2,0,2.5,1,0,0,0.5,1,1.5,2,2.5,1,1,"Rare"]
[11,"Geography","Resistance",null,null,null,1,null,1,1,"Land Area","Total land area (km2)",10830,"sq km",2001,"LN(X)",9.29007533999504,"WRI","This indicator captures the richness of habitat types and diversity, availability of refuges if damage is sustained or for protection, and species and habitat redundancy. It is generally considered that larger countries will have more options and the ‘critical mass’ required for ecological systems to persist and re-seed each other in the face of ecosystem stressors.","This issue cannot be directly influenced by human actions, and is\npart of the inherent characteristics of a country. General environmental resilience could\nbe built up by improving resource use; appropriate developments and increasing the area\nunder reserves.",4,6,8,10,12,4,14,4,4,4,6,8,10,12,14,4,4,"Possible"]
[12,"Geography","Resistance",null,null,1,null,1,null,1,"Country Dispersion","Ratio of length of borders (land and maritime) to total land area",82.640812557710106,"km / 1000 sq km","2001-2002","LN(X)",4.4145036572619603,"WRI 2000-2001, CIA 2002","This indicator captures the degree to which a country’s land area is fragmented and ‘thin’. Countries which are highly fragmented, comprised of many islands, or which have many peninsulas or land areas in thin strips are likely to be prone to more  transboundary effects.","This issue cannot be directly influenced by human actions, and is\r\npart of the inherent characteristics of a country. General environmental resilience could be built up by improving resource use; appropriate developments and increasing the area\r\nunder reserves.",2,3,4,5,6,2,7,4,2,2,3,4,5,6,7,4,4,"Possible"]
[13,"Geography","Resistance",null,null,1,null,null,null,1,"Isolation","Distance to nearest continent (km)",640,"km",2000,"None",{"$f":"M14","v":640},"Times Comprehensive World Atlas","This indicator captures the proximity of a country to the nearest continent. Note that if a country is within a continent, this value is zero. Isolated countries may have a greater risk of loss of ecosystem types and species during periods of stress if they are far away from refuges and sources of recolonisation.","This issue cannot be directly influenced by human actions, and is\npart of the inherent characteristics of a country. General environmental resilience could\nbe built up by improving resource use; appropriate developments and increasing the area\nunder reserves.",0,50,100,400,800,0,1600,5,0,0,50,100,400,800,1600,5,5,"Possible"]
[14,"Geography","Resistance",null,null,null,1,null,null,1,"Relief","Altitude range (highest point subtracted from the lowest point in country)",2256,"m",2001,"None",{"$f":"M15","v":2256},"CIA","This indicator examines the vulnerability of a country related to biodiversity of habitats and species and the potential for habitat disturbance through movements of water and slides. A country with a large altitude range is likely to have a greater variety of\necosystems, which in very high altitude areas, or very low ones (e.g. the Black Sea) leads to the formation of “endemic habitat types”.","This issue cannot be directly influenced by human actions, and is\npart of the inherent characteristics of a country. General environmental resilience could\nbe built up by improving resource use; appropriate developments and increasing the area\nunder reserves.",1500,3000,4500,6000,7000,1500,8000,2,1500,1500,3000,4500,6000,7000,8000,2,2,"Possible"]
[15,"Geography","Resistance",null,null,1,null,null,null,1,"Lowlands","Percentage of land area less than or equal to 50m above sea level",100,"%",2004,"None",{"$f":"M16","v":100},"Encarta Atlas","This indicator focuses on the presence of lowlands in a country with implied impacts associated with pollution, ecosystem disturbance, flooding and coastal vulnerability.  Areas of lowlands are those that will tend to be the first to flood, will tend to accumulate pollution that is mobilised by surface run-off, provide an important entry point (and extraction point) for groundwaters and if on the coasts of the sea or lakes may be subject to storm surges, tsunamis or sea level rise. They tend to be areas of high biodiversity and/or form critical habitats.","This issue cannot be directly influenced by human actions, and is\npart of the inherent characteristics of a country. General environmental resilience could\nbe built up by improving resource use; appropriate developments and increasing the area\nunder reserves.",0,15,30,45,60,0,75,7,0,0,15,30,45,60,75,7,7,"Possible"]
[16,"Geography","Resistance",null,null,1,null,1,null,null,"Borders","Number of land and sea borders (including EEZ) shared with other countries",8,"number",1999,"None",{"$f":"M17","v":8},"CIA, Encarta","This indicator captures the risk to terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems from transboundary risks including species introductions, lack of control of effects from neighbouring countries, lack of control of straddling stocks of resources, and uncontrolled migrations of humans (e.g. refugees). We consider that the greater the number of different jurisdictions bordering a country by land or sea, the greater the risks of neighbour effects – that is risks to the environment caused by the policies and behaviours of other countries.","This issue can be directly influenced by human actions though\nagreements designed to reduce transboundary risks such as pollution, movements of\nmigratory species and use of shared resources.",0,2,4,6,8,0,10,6,0,0,2,4,6,8,10,6,6,"Possible"]
[17,"Resources & services","Damage",null,null,null,null,null,null,1,"Ecosystem Imbalance","Ecological Imbalance as weighted average change in trophic level since fisheries began (for trophic level slice ≤3.35)",-3.4299999999999997E-2,null,null,"|X|",{"$f":"ABS(M18)","v":3.4299999999999997E-2},"UBC","This indicator captures the risk of ecosystem stress, loss of diversity, damage to the trophic structure of ecosystems, and loss of balance. It focuses on the risk to aquatic ecosystems associated with shifting the natural relationships, diversity and energy-flows within and among ecosystems. Although fisheries data are used, the indicator is more generally concerned with the downstream","This issue can be directly influenced by human actions though the\nadoption of ecosystem approaches to management of aquatic and terrestrial areas, and\nthe use of their resources.",0,0.02,0.04,0.06,0.08,0,0.1,3,0,0,0.02,0.04,0.06,0.08,0.1,3,3,"Possible"]
[18,"Resources & services","Hazards",null,null,1,1,null,null,null,"Environmental Openess","Average annual USD freight imports over the past 5 years by any means per km2 land area ",367.86703601108036,"USD Thousands / sq km land","1996-2000","LN(X)",{"$f":"LN(M19)","v":5.9077215576915894},"WRI","This indicator captures the risk of damage to a country through the importation of foreign materials (physical, chemical and biological) by land, air or sea through the large volumes of freight that move around the globe annually. Countries with large amounts of freight moving into them are considered more at risk of inadvertent introductions of diseases, species and genetically modified organisms, than those with lower levels of freight movements.  Freight imports may also be a mechanism for the introduction of pollution risks not normally found in a country – e.g. the import of radioactive substances, oil, chemicals.","This issue can directly be influenced by quarantine control of freight\nmovements and limiting or eliminating waste trading. Mechanisms could be put in place\nto contain accidental introductions where possible. General resilience building through\nmanagement of rare and endangered organisms and establishing more reserves could\nalso be undertaken.",1,1.5,2,2.5,3,1,3.5,7,1,1,1.5,2,2.5,3,3.5,7,7,"Possible"]
[19,"Resources & services","Resistance",null,null,null,null,1,null,1,"Migrations","Number of known species that migrate outside the territorial area at any time during their life spans (including land and all aquatic species) / area of land",2.21606648199446,"Spp / 1000 sq km land",2002,"LN(X+1)",{"$f":"LN(M20+1)","v":1.1681590233650105},"GROMS","This indicator focuses of species which pass outside of the control of the country and which during that time may be affected by actions of surrounding countries, or distant nations utilising them as a resource. It focuses on biodiversity, resilience and persistence of species with large variances in population numbers and/or that are susceptible to local extinctions.","This issue can be influenced through bilateral and multilateral\ntreaties designed to reduce transboundary risks such as pollution, movements of\nmigratory species and use of shared resources. General resilience building through\nmanagement of rare and endangered organisms and establishing more reserves could\nalso be undertaken.",1,1.5,2,2.5,3,1,3.5,2,1,1,1.5,2,2.5,3,3.5,3,3,"Possible"]
[20,"Resources & services","Resistance",null,null,null,null,1,null,1,"Endemic Species","Number of known endemic species per million square kilometre land area",92243.767313019387,"Spp / 1,000,000 sq km land","2000-2001","LN(X+1)",{"$f":"LN(M21+1)","v":11.43220083739987},"WRI","This indicator focuses biodiversity and the risk of losing unique species. The more endemic species a country has, the more vulnerable it is because localised extinction cannot be re-supplied from elsewhere by natural or augmented recolonisation. Losses of key species can affect ecosystem function and the goods and services they provide.","This issue can be influenced through identification and\npreservation of species and habitats unique to a country. General resilience building\ncould be achieved through creating more reserves in terrestrial and aquatic habitats.",0,2,4,6,8,0,10,7,0,0,2,4,6,8,10,7,7,"Possible"]
[21,"Resources & services","Damage",null,null,null,null,1,null,1,"Introductions of Species","Number of introduced species per 1000 square kilometre of land area",0.73868882733148655,"Spp / 1,000 sq km land",2002,"LN(X+1)",{"$f":"LN(M22+1)","v":0.55313128165616188},"FAO","This indicator captures past species introductions to a country with implied impacts on biodiversity and ecosystem integrity. This may include impacts at the levels of populations, genetics, species and ecosystems through complex ecological interactions.","This issue is difficult to rectify once introductions have occurred\nand exotic species have become established. This issue can directly be influenced by\nquarantine control of freight movements and mechanisms could be put in place to contain\naccidental introductions where possible. General resilience building through\nmanagement of rare and endangered organisms and establishing more reserves.",0,1,1.5,2,2.5,0,3,2,0,0,1,1.5,2,2.5,3,2,2,"Possible"]
[22,"Resources & services","Damage",null,null,null,null,1,null,1,"Endangered Species","Number of endangered and vulnerable species per 1000 sq km land area (IUCN definitions)",22.1606648199446,"Spp / 1,000 sq km land",2000,"None",{"$f":"M23","v":22.1606648199446},"IUCN","This indicator focuses on those species that have become endangered or threatened in a country with implied impacts on biodiversity and ecosystem integrity. These are the species most likely to next become extinct, and may already be resulting, by their reduced numbers, in impacts at the levels of populations, genetics, species and ecosystems through complex ecological interactions.","This issue can be influenced through identification and\npreservation of species and habitats under threat in a country. General resilience\nbuilding could be achieved through reducing pressure on threatened environments and\nspecies and by creating more reserves in terrestrial and aquatic habitats.",0,1,2,3,4,0,5,7,0,0,1,2,3,4,5,7,7,"Possible"]
[23,"Resources & services","Damage",null,null,null,null,1,null,1,"Extinctions of Species","Number of species known to have become extinct since 1900 per 1000 sq km land area (IUCN definitions).",0.73868882733148655,"Spp / 1,000 sq km land",2000,"None",{"$f":"M24","v":0.73868882733148655},"IUCN","This indicator focuses on those species that have become extinct in a country with implied impacts on biodiversity and ecosystem integrity. The loss of these species has resulted in a loss of biodiversity, and may also have resulted in impacts on ecosystem structure and function through complex ecological interactions.","Extinctions is already underway. Actions to be taken have to do with preservation of the endangered organisms and habitats under threat in a country. General resilience building\ncould also be achieved through creating more reserves in terrestrial and aquatic habitats.",0,0.1,0.2,0.3,0.4,0,0.5,7,0,0,0.1,0.2,0.3,0.4,0.5,7,7,"Possible"]
[24,"Resources & services","Damage",null,null,null,null,null,1,1,"Vegetation Cover (%)","Percentage of natural and regrowth vegetation cover remaining (include forests, wetlands, prairies, tundra, desert and alpine associations).",35.6,"% of original cover",1996,"-X",{"$f":"M25","v":35.6},"WRI","This indicator focuses on the loss of natural vegetation cover in a country with implied impacts on biodiversity and ecosystem integrity. Losing natural vegetation has resulted in a loss of biodiversity, and have maybe resulted in impacts on ecosystem structure and function through complex ecological interactions.","The first action will be to prevent further losses of whatever\nnatural vegetation cover remains in a country. General resilience building could also be\nachieved through rehabilitation of degraded habitats, allowing areas to regenerate, better\nland use and creating more reserves in terrestrial habitats.",-80,-60,-40,-20,-10,-80,0,4,-80,-80,-60,-40,-20,-10,0,4,4,"Possible"]
[25,"Resources & services","Hazards",null,null,null,null,null,1,1,"Loss of Vegetation Cover (%)","Net percentage change in natural vegetation cover over the last five years",-7.45,"% change (-ve = loss)","1995-2000","|X|",{"$f":"ABS(M26)","v":7.45},"WRI","This measures the rate of loss or gain of natural vegetation cover in countries. It focuses on biodiversity, ecosystem resilience, the capacity of a country to attenuate pollution, prevention of soil loss and on-going soil development, reduction of runoff, recharging of ground waters and soil formation.","The first action will be to prevent further losses of whatever\nnatural vegetation cover remains in a country. General resilience building could also be\nachieved through rehabilitation of degraded habitats, allowing areas to regenerate, better\nlanduse and creating more reserves in terrestrial habitats.",0,0.4,0.8,1.2,1.6,0,2,7,0,0,0.4,0.8,1.2,1.6,2,7,7,"Possible"]
[26,null,"Damage",null,null,null,1,null,null,1,"Habitat Fragmentation (Roads)","Total length of all roads in a country divided by land area",1.7543859649122799,"km / sq km",1999,"LN(X+1)",1.0131945375137601,"World Bank","This is a proxy measure for pressure on ecosystems resulting from fragmentation into discontinuous pieces. It also relates to habitat disturbance and degradation.","Mecanisms that reducing fragmentation of land by maximising use of uniterrupted space in non-urban areas for road planning. General resilience building could also\nbe achieved through improvements in related issues, such as rehabilitation of degraded\nhabitats, allowing deforested areas to regenerate, and creating more reserves in\nterrestrial habitats. ",0.2,0.4,0.6,0.8,1,0.2,1.2,6,0.2,0.2,0.4,0.6,0.8,1,1.2,6,6,"Possible"]
[27,"Resources & services","Damage",null,null,null,1,null,null,null,"Degradation (%)","Percent of land area that is either severely or very severely degraded (FAO/AGL Terrastat definitions)",101.56971375807942,"%",2000,"None",{"$f":"M28","v":101.56971375807942},"FAO / AGL","This indicator captures the status of loss of ecosystems in a country and highlights the breakdown of ecosystems which leads to decreasing iodiversity, soil quality, resilience against natural events and the assimilative capacity of  the environment.","Mechanisms destroying the environment should be stopped and punished. Programmes for rehabilitation and/or allowing natural regeneration could be put in place. General resilience building could also be achieved through improvements in land use and other related issues, such as creating more\nreserves in terrestrial habitats.",5,10,15,20,25,5,50,7,5,5,10,15,20,25,50,7,7,"Possible"]
[28,"Resources & services","Hazards",null,1,null,1,null,null,1,"Terrestrial Reserves (%)","Percent of terrestrial land area legally set aside as no take reserves",0.1,"% of land area",1999,"-X",{"$f":"-M29","v":-0.1},"WCMC, WRI","This indicator captures the increase in resilience, function of pollution attenuation, groundwater recharge, limits to losses of biodiversity and refuges afforded by the presence of adequate terrestrial reserves (including aquatic ecosystems located within the land area) in a country.  Reserves may be one of the few ways managers could off-set some other environmental damage and build resilience against natural events that can damage the environmental support system.","Setting aside reserves of 20% of the land area is probably the most powerful action that\ncould be taken to build resilience against all other pressures on the environment.\nTerrestrial reserves can be used as water catchment areas.",-20,-15,-10,-5,0,-20,0,7,-20,-20,-15,-10,-5,0,0,7,7,"Possible"]
[29,"Resources & services","Hazards",null,null,1,null,1,null,1,"Marine Reserves (%)","Percentage of continental shelf legally designated as marine protected areas (MPAs)",15.241324774397617,"%",1999,"-X",{"$f":"-M30","v":-15.241324774397617},"WCMC (MPAs), WRI (Shelf)","This indicator captures the increase in resilience, function of pollution attenuation and fisheries production, limits to losses of biodiversity and refuges afforded by the presence  of adequate marine reserves in a country and it also focuses on areas with the most intact marine environments and the level of environmental management. Reserves may be one of the few ways managers could off-set some other environmental damage and build resilience against natural events that can damage the environmental support system.","Setting aside reserves of 20% of the marine area is probably the most powerful action\nthat could be taken to build resilience against all other pressures on the environment.",-20,-15,-10,-5,0,-20,0,2,-20,-20,-15,-10,-5,0,0,2,2,"Possible"]
[30,"Resources & services","Hazards",null,null,null,null,null,1,null,"Intensive Farming","Annual tonnage of intensively farmed animal products (includes aquaculture, pigs, poultry) produced over the last five years per square kilometre land area.",1398.0904893813481,"t / sq km / yr","1996-2000","LN(X+1)",{"$f":"LN(M31+1)","v":7.2435776540471686},"FAO","This indicator captures the risk of pollution, eutrophication, ecosystem loss or damage and the risk of diseases and plagues. It focuses on lands being used for intensive agriculture, which we define as those in which the wastes produced over the land are in excess of the ability of that same land area to attenuate them.  Intensive farming includes the farming of poultry, pigs, aquaculture, and some farming of cattle and other animals where kept in feed lots and involves clearing of land, feeding, heavy use of pesticides and other medications and a concentrated production of wastes.","Risks related to use of medicines, pesticides and other chemicals and production of concentrated wastes. Mechanisms for reducing their use and/or impacts on the environment through better\nhusbandry and treatment of wastes would reduce risks associated with this issue",2,3,4,5,6,2,7,7,2,2,3,4,5,6,7,7,7,"Possible"]
[31,"Resources & services","Hazards",1,1,null,null,null,1,1,"Fertilisers","Average annual intensity of fertiliser use over the total land area over the last 5 years.",2150.5078485687905,"kg / sq km / yr","1995-1997","LN(X+1)",{"$f":"LN(M32+1)","v":7.6739242002240298},"WRI, OECD","This indicator captures the risk to terrestrial, aquatic ecosystems and ground waters from the use of chemical NPK fertilisers. This indicator is a measure of damage to ecosystems, water and soil quality, coral reefs and other sensitive organisms through eutrophication, pollution, soil damage and salinisation.","Systems of agriculture that do not require large applications of\nNPK fertilisers should be explored, this might include mechanisms for recycling organic\nwastes. General resilience building would be through reducing other pressures on the\nreceiving environments that could interact with large inputs of fertilisers.",4,6,7,8,9,4,10,4,4,4,6,7,8,9,10,4,4,"Possible"]
[32,"Resources & services","Hazards",1,1,null,1,null,1,1,"Pesticides","Average annual pesticides used as kg/km2/year over total land area over last 5 years.",0,"kg / sq km / yr",1996,"LN(X+1)",0,"WRI, OECD","This indicator captures the risk to terrestrial, aquatic ecosystems and ground waters from heavy use of pesticides. The indicator focuses on damage and pollution of ecosystems, soil damage, damage to reproductive systems of organisms, loss of species, and damage to aquatic organisms including fisheries and coral reefs.","Systems of agriculture that do not require large applications of\nNPK fertilisers should be explored, this might include mechanisms for recycling organic\nwastes. General resilience building would be through reducing other pressures on the\nreceiving environments that could interact with large inputs of fertilisers.",0,0.8,1.6,2.4,3.2,0,4,1,0,0,0.5,1,2,3,4,1,1,"Possible"]
[33,"Resources & services","Hazards",null,null,null,null,null,1,1,"Biotechnology","Cumulative number of deliberate field trials of genetically modified organisms conducted in the country since 1986",0,"Total number trials",2000,"None",{"$f":"M34","v":0},"ISAAA, BINAS, OECD","This indicator captures the risk to genetic diversity, genetic pollution and unpredictable ecosystem effects of introducing incompletely tested and/or unpredictable bioengineered organisms into the environment. This includes new toxin-producing organisms, terminators (the use of deliberately sterile organisms is often used as a biological control method for pests) or organisms with new ecological behaviours. This indicator operates under the precautionary principle.  Precautionary principle: A strategy to cope with possible risks where scientific understanding is yet incomplete.","Deliberate introductions of organisms that may have unpredictable interactions with the environment should not be undertaken. Laboratory tests are not reliable enough for field tests as the environment makes the consequences unpredicatble. Each GMO introduced into the environment carries a similar risk to an introduced species.",0,5,10,15,20,0,50,1,0,0,5,10,15,20,50,1,1,"Possible"]
[34,"Resources & services","Hazards",null,null,1,null,1,null,null,"Productivity Overfishing","Average ratio of productivity : fisheries catch over the last 5 years",496338.07413501386,"tC / sq km / yr  :  t fish / sq km / yr","1994-1998","LN(X)",{"$f":"LN(M35)","v":13.115012574601206},"FAO, UBC","This indicator captures the risk of damage to fisheries stocks by examining rates of extraction in relation to the potential for the environment to replenish those stocks (productivity). This indicator should be read in combination with Indicator 39 which focuses on catch per human effort.","Fisheries policy that keeps catches within overall sustainable\nlimits of the country’s productivity. General resilience can be built by creating marine\nreserves.",10,11,12,13,14,10,15,5,10,10,11,12,13,14,15,5,5,"Possible"]
[35,"Resources & services","Hazards",null,null,1,null,1,null,null,"Fishing Effort","Average annual number of fishers per kilometre of coastline over the last 5 years",9.1664804469273751,"fishers / yr / km coast","1994-1996","LN(X+1)",{"$f":"LN(M36+1)","v":2.3190960780818357},"WRI","This indicator captures the risk of damage to fisheries stocks through overcapacity of human effort. In this indicator we have tried to capture all fishers, not just the commercial fleet. This indicator should be read in combination with Indicator 24, which focuses on ecological overfishing.","Fisheries policy that keeps catches within overall sustainable\nlimits of the country’s productivity. General resilience can be built by creating marine\nreserves.",2,2.5,3,3.5,4,2,4.5,2,2,2,2.5,3,3.5,4,4.5,2,2,"Possible"]
[36,"Resources & services","Hazards",null,1,null,1,null,null,1,"Renewable Water","Average annual water usage as percentage of renewable water resources over the last 5 years",9.5744680851063837,"%",1993,"None",{"$f":"M37","v":9.5744680851063837},"WRI 2000-2001","This indicator captures the risk to terrestrial environments, aquatic ecosystems and ground waters from over-extraction of freshwater resources. It focuses on sustainable use of surface free water and groundwater and damage through salinisation, extraction of functionally non-renewable groundwater, and damage to rivers, lakes and other habitats.","Policies that ensure extractions of water from the environment\nare within sustainable limits. Water should be taken from renewable sources and used within limits so that other elements of the environment can function. General resilience can be built by managing watersheds, wetlands, groundwater and forests which are important elements of how ecosystems interact with the hydrological cycle.",10,20,40,60,80,10,100,1,10,10,20,40,60,80,100,1,1,"Possible"]
[37,"Resources & services","Hazards",1,1,null,1,null,null,1,"Sulphur Dioxide Emissions","Average annual SO2 emissions over the last 5 years",9.3351800554016613,"t / sq km / yr",1995,"LN(X+1)",{"$f":"LN(M38+1)","v":2.3355536148882767},"GEO 3","This indicator captures the risk to ecosystem health from air pollution, including its downstream effects. High rates of emissions of gases from industry present risks to all aspects of the environment through diffuse pathways, including deposition by rain.","Policies that ensure managed emissions or clean industry should\nbe examined and implemented. General resilience can be built by maintaining and\nrestoring wetlands, forests and other ecosystems that encourage biodegradation of\nindustrial wastes.",0.25,0.6,0.95,1.3,1.65,0.25,2,6,0.25,0.25,0.6,0.95,1.3,1.65,2,6,6,"Possible"]
[38,"Resources & services","Hazards",1,1,null,1,null,null,null,"Waste Production","Average annual net amount of generated and imported toxic, hazardous and municipal wastes per square kilometre land area over the last 5 years",null,"t/km2/yr","1996-2000","LN(X+1)",{"$f":"IF(M39=\"ND\",\"ND\",LN(M39+1))","v":0},"UNEP 1998, EEA 2001, MZPSR","This indicator captures the risk to terrestrial, aquatic ecosystems and ground waters from toxic and municipal wastes. All such wastes need a suitable area of land or volume of water for their eventual attenuation.","Policies that ensure wastes are minimised and used efficiently\nthrough recycling. Waste importation should be reduced or stopped. General resilience\ncan be built by maintaining and restoring forests and other ecosystems that encourage\nbiodegradation of wastes.",1,2,3,4,5,1,6,1,1,1,2,3,4,5,6,1,1,"Possible"]
[39,"Resources & services","Hazards",1,1,null,1,null,null,null,"Waste Treatment","Mean annual percent of hazardous, toxic and municipal waste effectively managed and treated over the past 5 years.",0,"%","ND","None",{"$f":"M40","v":0},"ND","This indicator captures the proportion of wastes rendered less harmful. Vulnerability is in relation to risk to terrestrial, aquatic ecosystems and ground waters from toxic and  municipal wastes and how they are treated.","Policies that ensure wastes are minimised and used efficiently\nthrough recycling. Waste importation should be reduced or stopped. General resilience\ncan be built by maintaining and restoring forests and other ecosystems that encourage\nbiodegradation of wastes.",-100,-80,-60,-50,-40,-100,-30,7,-100,-100,-80,-60,-50,-40,-30,7,7,"Possible"]
[40,"Resources & services","Hazards",null,1,null,1,null,null,null,"Industry","Average annual use of electricity for industry over the last 5 years per square kilometre of land",14.339335180055404,"toe / km2",1997,"None",{"$f":"M41","v":14.339335180055404},"WRI","This indicator captures all major potential chemical and other industrial polluters that could cause significant environmental damage from accidents and diffuse pollution, including acid rain, not normally recorded as part of waste streams. It also captures electricity generation and/or use specifically for purposes of industry, which in itself has ecological consequences. This indicator is used to take into account accidents such as the Bhopal chemical explosion in India, as well as incidents such as the Chernobyl and more recently the Japanese nuclear disaster.","Policies that ensure clean industry with rapid and effective\nresponse to accidents, waste minimisation and recycling. General resilience can be built\nby maintaining and restoring forests and other ecosystems that encourage\nbiodegradation of wastes.",5,10,20,50,100,5,200,3,5,5,10,20,50,100,200,3,3,"Possible"]
[41,"Resources & services","Hazards",null,null,1,null,1,null,1,"Spills","Total number of spills of oil and hazardous substances greater than 1000 litres on land, in rivers or within territorial waters per million km coast during the last five years",0,"Number of spills / million km coasts","1996-2000","None",0,"ITOPF 2002","This indicator captures the risk to marine, estuarine, riverine, lake, ground water and terrestrial ecosystems from spills of hydrocarbons and other toxic fluids. Only spills greater than 1,000 litres are included.","Policies that promote safe handing of hazardous substances and\nensure rapid and effective response to accidental spills. General resilience can be built\nby maintaining and restoring coasts, wetlands and forests as well as other ecosystems\nthat encourage biodegradation of wastes.",0,50,100,150,200,0,250,1,0,0,50,100,150,200,250,1,4,"Almost Certain"]
[42,"Resources & services","Hazards",null,null,1,1,null,null,1,"Mining","Average annual mining production (include all surface and subsurface mining and quarrying) per km2 of land area over the past 5 years.",957.06558448753469,"t / km2 / yr","1996-2000","LN(X+1)",{"$f":"LN(M43+1)","v":6.8649162354266924},"USGS, World Nuclear Assoc, Diamond Registry, Salt Inst","This indicator captures the risk to terrestrial, aquatic ecosystems and ground waters from the effects of ecosystem disturbance, accidents, oil spills and toxic leachates, and processing from mining of all kinds. All disturbance can lead to vulnerability to other processes, human and natural, and wastes need a suitable area of land or volume of water for their eventual attenuation or long term deposition. High levels of mining activity present risks to all aspects of the environment.","Policies that ensure whole life management of mines, including\nwaste minimisation, stablisation and rehabilitation. Waste importation through bringing of\nores should be minimised. General resilience can be built by maintaining and restoring\nforests and other ecosystems that encourage biodegradation of wastes.",1,2,3,4,5,1,6,7,1,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,7,"Possible"]
[43,"Resources & services","Hazards",1,1,null,1,null,null,null,"Sanitation","Density of population without access to safe sanitation (WHO definitions)",27.074788550323177,"people / km2","1990-1997","LN(X+1)",{"$f":"LN(M44+1)","v":3.334871968995901},"WRI","This indicator is a proxy measure for how human waste is treated before it enters the environment. We are taking safe sanitation as an indication of at least some pre-treatment of sewage before it enters stream, groundwater recharge, coastal and land areas.","Policies that ensure human wastes are treated to secondary or higher levels before being released to the environment (Some are not to be treated as such if they do not have a big impact on the ecosystem). General resilience can be built by maintaining and restoring forests and other ecosystems that encourage biodegradation of wastes.",1.5,2,2.5,3,3.5,1.5,4,5,1.5,1.5,2,2.5,3,3.5,4,5,5,"Possible"]
[44,"Resources & services","Hazards",null,null,null,1,null,null,null,"Vehicles","Number of vehicles per square kilometre of land area (most recent data)",10.091512096029547,"vehicles / km2",null,"LN(X+1)",{"$f":"LN(M45+1)","v":2.406180139771068},"WRI 2000-2001","This indicator captures the risk to terrestrial ecosystems in the form of habitat damage, habitat fragmentation, loss of biodiversity, pollution hazardous wastes and industries, including air and lead pollution on land and in waterways.","Policies that promote public and clean transport options and good\nwaste management, including efficient use of wastes through recycling. General\nresilience can be built by maintaining and restoring forests and creating reserves.",1,1.5,2,2.5,3,1,3.5,4,1,1,1.5,2,2.5,3,3.5,4,4,"Possible"]
[45,"Human populations","Damage",1,1,1,1,1,1,1,"Population","Total human population density (number per km2 land area)",238.50415512465375,"people / km2",2001,"LN(X+1)",{"$f":"LN(M46+1)","v":5.4785707658639557},"US Bureau of Census","This is a proxy measure for pressure on the environment resulting from the number of humans being supported per unit of land. The greater numbers of people increases pressure on the environment for resources, for the attenuation of wastes and physical  disturbance of the environment.","Policies that keep human population pressures within sustainable\nlimits. This includes lifestyle choices and minimising the ecological footprint and levels of\nconsumption. General resilience can be built by maintaining and restoring damaged\necosystems, minimising wastes and creating terrestrial and aquatic reserves.",3,3.5,4,4.5,5,3,5.5,6,3,3,3.5,4,4.5,5,5.5,6,6,"Possible"]
[46,"Human populations","Hazards",1,1,1,1,1,1,1,"Population Growth","Annual human population growth rate over the last 5 years",0.58482797076755699,"%","1996-2001","None",{"$f":"M47","v":0.58482797076755699},"US Bureau of Census","This indicator focuses on the potential for damage relating to expanding human populations. It signals increasing rates of habitat damage, exploitation of naturalresources and disposal of wastes that will need to be assimilated into the environment. It also captures the risk of infrastructure not being able to keep up with demand for issues such as waste treatment.","Policies that keep human population pressures within sustainable\nlimits. This includes lifestyle choices and minimising the ecological footprint and levels of\nconsumption. General resilience can be built by maintaining and restoring damaged\necosystems, minimising wastes and creating terrestrial and aquatic reserves",0,0,0.5,1,1.5,0,2,4,0,0,0,0.5,1,1.5,2,4,4,"Possible"]
[47,"Human populations","Hazards",1,1,1,1,1,1,1,"Tourists","Average annual number of international tourists per km2 land over the past 5 years.",107.29455216989842,"people/km2/yr","1996-2000","LN(X+1)",{"$f":"LN(M48+1)","v":4.6848548496013338},"WTO, Tourist Board","This is a measure for the additional load of all human impacts associated with international visitors and not reported in human population statistics. Tourists place additional pressure on the environment through increasing demands on local resources and through creation of pollution as well as physical disturbances of the environment. It is possible that their environmental burden is greater than that of residents.","Options for ecotourism could be examined. Policies that ensure\nthat capital damage to the environment and wastes are minimised. General resilience\ncan be built by maintaining and restoring forests and other ecosystems and creating\nterrestrial and aquatic reserves.",3,3.5,4,4.5,5,3,5.5,5,3,3,3.5,4,4.5,5,5.5,5,5,"Possible"]
[48,"Human populations","Damage",1,1,1,1,1,1,1,"Coastal Settlements","Density of people living in coastal settlements (i.e. with a city centre within 100km of any maritime or lake* coast).",238.50415512465375,"people/km2",1995,"LN(X+1)",{"$f":"LN(M49+1)","v":5.4785707658639557},"WRI 2000-2001","This indicator captures the focus of stress on coastal ecosystems, often the most productive living areas in a country, through pollution, eutrophication, resource depletion and habitat degradation.","Policies that manage ecosystems and their use at the interface\nbetween land and sea, lakes or rivers. Emphasis should be on fragile habitats such as\nswamps, mangroves, estuaries, lakes. General resilience can be built by maintaining and\nrestoring damaged ecosystems and creating reserves.",3,3.5,4,4.5,5,3,5.5,7,3,3,3.5,4,4.5,5,5.5,7,7,"Possible"]
[49,"Human populations","Hazards",1,1,1,1,1,1,1,"Environmental Agreements","Number of environmental treaties in force in a country",68,"treaties",2003,"-X",{"$f":"-M50","v":-68},"SEDAC / CIESIN","This indicator captures the level of management and stewardship of the environment in a country. Two aspects of legislation are needed: the message to the public that environmental management is essential, and the effectiveness of controls. The benefits of good management would be especially important if there are many endangered species, sensitive ecosystems, and interactions with on-going human impacts.","Becoming party to agreements that help the country to address\nits most significant issues as identified by the EVI. Use assistance in the form of\ninformation, technology, and others to formulate and implement national-level actions to\naddress environmental concerns.",-60,-50,-40,-30,-20,-60,-10,1,-60,-60,-50,-40,-30,-20,-10,1,1,"Possible"]
[50,"Human populations","Damage",1,1,1,1,1,1,1,"Conflicts","Average number of conflict years per decade within the country over the past 50 years.",0,"Average conflict years / decade","1991-2000","None",0,"EMDAT","This indicator captures the risk to terrestrial, aquatic ecosystems and ground waters related to human conflicts. Conflicts can result in habitat disturbance and degradation, pollution and a complete breakdown in environmental management. The time frame used reflects the long term nature of conflict-related damage to the environmental support system.","Policies that reduce and clean up pollution and war-related\nhazards, rehabilitate damaged areas and ensure people in affected areas are given relief\nso that they do not need to make inefficient emergency use of resources and services.",0,1,2,3,4,0,5,1,0,0,1,2,3,4,5,1,1,"Possible"]
[52,"Weather & Climate","Hazards",1,1,null,1,null,1,1,"RainClemencia","Total yearly rainfall at Clemencia.",-2010,"mm","2003-2017","None",-2010,"MMS",null,null,-2755.31,-2609.806,-2464.3020000000001,-2318.7979999999998,-2173.2939999999999,-2755.31,-2027.79,7,-2400,-2400,-2320,-2240,-2160,-2080,-2000,6,3,"Likely"]
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[null,null,null,{"$f":"SUM(D1:D88)","v":20},{"$f":"SUM(E1:E88)","v":24},24,30,24,22,38]

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